CAPF HC Ministerial key terms

A question type that presents a pair of related words and asks you to pick the pair whose relationship matches the first pair. The link might be cause-effect, part-whole, synonym, worker-tool, or category-member.

A reasoning item where four or five items are given and one does not share the property common to the rest. You must identify the shared rule first, then find the exception.

A question that gives a sequence of numbers, letters, or figures following a hidden rule and asks for the next or missing element. Common rules include constant differences, squares, cubes, and alternating patterns.

A sequence of numerals governed by an arithmetic or algebraic pattern such as adding successive primes, multiplying by increasing integers, or combining two interleaved sequences. You infer the rule and supply the missing term.

A reasoning task where words or letters are replaced by a code according to a fixed rule, and you must either decode a given code or apply the rule to a new word. Rules may involve shifts, reversals, or position values.

A puzzle that describes family links in words or symbols and asks how two people are related. You build a small family tree, noting gender and generation, then read off the required relationship.

A reasoning problem involving a person moving certain distances in compass directions, often with turns. You trace the path on a rough sketch and compute final direction or straight-line distance.

A puzzle where people are placed around a circle or in a row under constraints such as facing direction, adjacency, or fixed positions. You derive a single consistent layout that satisfies all clues.

A logic question giving two or more premises in the form 'All A are B' or 'Some A are B' and asking which conclusions necessarily follow. Only conclusions true in every possible case are valid.

A technique for testing syllogisms or set problems by drawing overlapping circles for each category and checking whether a conclusion holds in all valid drawings. It makes 'some' and 'no' relations visually checkable.

The rank of each alphabet letter from A=1 to Z=26, used constantly in coding, series, and ranking questions. Knowing reverse values (A=26) and the EJOTY mnemonic speeds up such items.

A critical-reasoning item where a short statement is followed by proposed assumptions, and you judge which assumption is implicit in the statement. The test is whether the statement could stand without that assumption.

A reasoning item giving a statement or passage followed by conclusions; you select those that follow logically from the given text rather than from general knowledge. Conclusions must be directly supported, not merely plausible.

Reasoning based on figures rather than words or numbers, covering mirror images, paper folding, embedded figures, and figure series. You identify spatial transformations and patterns without verbal cues.

A spatial task asking what a figure or word looks like reflected in a vertical mirror or in water. Left-right reverses in a mirror; up-down reverses in water, and letters with symmetry behave specially.

A figure-based question where a sheet is folded, punched or cut, then unfolded; you must predict the pattern of holes or cuts. Tracking symmetry axes of each fold is the reliable method.

The six categories of rights guaranteed in Part III of the Indian Constitution, including equality, freedom, and constitutional remedies. They are enforceable in courts, though reasonable restrictions apply to several of them.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution that direct the State toward social and economic welfare. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance and help interpret laws.

The opening statement of the Indian Constitution declaring the source of authority as the people and listing the ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. It has been held to be part of the Constitution.

The President, Vice-President, Council of Ministers, and Attorney General who together exercise executive power at the national level. The President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.

The bicameral legislature consisting of the President, the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). It makes laws, controls finance, and holds the executive accountable.

The three-tier system of local self-government in rural India at village, block, and district levels, given constitutional status by the 73rd Amendment. Elections and reservations are mandated for these bodies.

The seasonal reversal of wind direction that brings heavy rainfall to India, driven by differential heating of land and sea. The southwest monsoon (June to September) supplies most of India's annual rain.

An intense low-pressure storm system over warm tropical oceans with organised thunderstorms and rotating winds. In the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, cyclones form mainly in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon months.

The abnormal warming of surface waters in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, associated with weakened trade winds. It often weakens the Indian monsoon and alters global rainfall patterns.

Eleven duties listed in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution, added by the 42nd Amendment, directing citizens to respect the Constitution, the flag, and the environment. They are moral obligations and not directly enforceable.

A comparison of two quantities by division, and an equation stating that two ratios are equal. Problems often ask you to divide an amount in a given ratio or scale a recipe-like relation.

A fraction expressed with denominator 100, used to compare quantities and describe change. Converting between fractions, decimals, and percentages is the base skill for profit, loss, and interest questions.

The calculation of gain or loss from cost price and selling price, expressed as a percentage of cost. Marked price and successive discounts are common variations of these problems.

Interest computed only on the original principal for the whole period, using interest rate and time. The formula is principal times rate times time divided by 100 when time is in years.

Interest that is added to the principal at fixed intervals so that later interest is earned on interest. It grows faster than simple interest, and half-yearly or quarterly compounding changes the effective rate.

Problems relating distance covered, speed, and time taken, usually with unit conversion between km/h and m/s. Trains, boats, and relative speed between two moving objects are standard variants.

The sum of a set of values divided by how many values there are, also called arithmetic mean. Problems often involve weighted groups, replacement of one value, or changes in average after adding a member.

Counting methods for arranging items where order matters (permutation) versus selecting items where order does not (combination). Factorials and the nCr formula underpin such problems.

A measure of how likely an event is, computed as favourable outcomes divided by total equally likely outcomes. Problems involve dice, coins, cards, or drawing balls from a bag, sometimes with replacement.

A sequence in which each term differs from the previous one by a constant amount, called the common difference. The nth term and the sum of the first n terms have standard formulas.

A technique of first finding the value of a single unit from a given quantity, then multiplying to find the value of the required number of units. It solves proportion and rate problems quickly.

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context. Synonym questions test vocabulary depth and awareness of slight differences in tone or usage.

A word that expresses the opposite meaning of another word, such as 'scarce' for 'abundant'. Antonym questions require attention to the part of speech and the exact sense of the given word.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as 'to bite the bullet'. Questions ask you to choose the correct meaning or the right phrase for a situation.

Selecting a single word that replaces a descriptive phrase, for example 'a person who talks too much' as 'garrulous'. It tests precise vocabulary and awareness of formal register.

A grammar item where a sentence is divided into parts and you must identify the part containing a grammatical error, or declare the sentence error-free. Common errors are subject-verb agreement and wrong prepositions.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, so singular subjects take singular verbs. Collective nouns, indefinite pronouns, and intervening phrases are frequent traps.

Two ways of presenting a clause: active voice makes the doer the subject, while passive voice makes the receiver the subject. Conversion questions test tense handling and pronoun changes.

Reporting speech either as quoted words (direct) or as a paraphrased report (indirect). Conversion requires adjusting tense, pronouns, and time or place words.

A passage followed by questions on its main idea, details, tone, or implied meaning. Answers must be supported by the text, so option elimination and locating evidence are the key skills.

A conclusion drawn from evidence in a passage rather than stated directly. Comprehension questions on inference ask what the author implies, so the answer must be strongly supported but not explicitly written.

A passage with blanks, each to be filled by the most suitable word from the options. It tests grammar, collocation, and the ability to follow the passage's logic.