Odisha CHSE +2 Compulsory English key terms

The mental act of understanding a written passage by extracting its main idea, supporting details, and implied meaning rather than just decoding individual words.

The central point a paragraph or passage is built around; everything else in the text supports, illustrates, or explains it.

A sentence, usually first in a paragraph, that states the paragraph's controlling idea and signals what the rest will develop.

A conclusion drawn from evidence in the text plus general knowledge, rather than stated directly by the writer.

A fast reading technique used to locate a specific fact, name, date, or number without reading every word in the passage.

A rapid reading technique for getting the general sense or gist of a passage by focusing on headings, first sentences, and key words.

The writer's attitude towards the subject, conveyed through word choice and sentence structure, for example ironic, sympathetic, or critical.

The quality that makes a piece of writing hold together logically, with ideas arranged in an order a reader can follow easily.

The linking of sentences through connectors, pronouns, and repeated key words so that each sentence clearly relates to the previous one.

A word or phrase such as however, therefore, or in addition that signals the logical relationship between two ideas or sentences.

A single sentence in an essay's introduction that announces the central claim the essay will explain or defend.

Restating someone's idea in your own words while keeping the original meaning, often used to show understanding of a passage.

A brief account of a text's main points in your own words, leaving out examples and minor details.

A letter written in polite, impersonal language to an official, editor, or institution, following a fixed layout of address, subject, salutation, body, and closing.

The greeting at the start of a letter, such as Dear Sir or Madam in formal writing or Dear Ravi in personal writing.

The polite ending of a letter, for example Yours faithfully when the reader's name is unknown, or Yours sincerely when it is known.

A short public announcement displayed on a board or circulated, giving information about an event, loss, or meeting in a few precise lines.

Producing a structured factual account with a heading, introduction, body, and conclusion, usually written for a newspaper, school, or organisation.

A sentence pattern in which the subject performs the action, as in The teacher corrected the papers; it is usually clearer and more direct.

A sentence pattern in which the subject receives the action, formed with a form of be plus the past participle, as in The papers were corrected.

The verb form that shows when an action happens, whether present, past, or future, and whether it is ongoing or completed.

A verb form used as an adjective or in compound tenses, such as the present participle writing and the past participle written.

A helping verb such as can, may, must, should, or would that expresses ability, permission, obligation, or possibility alongside a main verb.

A helping verb like be, have, or do that combines with a main verb to form questions, negatives, or compound tenses.

A word such as in, on, at, by, or with that links a noun or pronoun to another word and shows place, time, or manner.

A joining word such as and, but, because, or although that connects words, phrases, or clauses.

A group of words containing its own subject and verb; an independent clause can stand alone, while a subordinate clause cannot.

A group of related words that functions as a single unit but lacks a subject and verb pair, such as in the morning.

A word with a meaning close to another word's, such as begin and commence, though the two may differ in formality or shade of meaning.

A word whose meaning is opposite to another's, such as scarce and abundant.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as to let the cat out of the bag.

The central idea or insight about life that a literary work explores, such as the dignity of labour or the cost of greed.

The techniques a writer uses to build a character, through description, dialogue, action, and the reactions of other characters.

The principal character around whom a story's action and conflict are organised.

The struggle between opposing forces in a narrative, whether person against person, society, nature, or an inner doubt.

A gap between what is said or expected and what is actually meant or happens, used to expose folly or create humour.

Writing that ridicules human weakness or vice through wit and exaggeration in order to provoke reform or amusement.

A figure of speech that describes one thing as if it were another, without using like or as, as in the classroom was a zoo.

A comparison between two unlike things introduced by like or as, as in cheeks like roses.

Giving human qualities to a non-human thing, as when a poem speaks of the wind whispering or the moon smiling.

The repetition of the same initial consonant sound in nearby words, as in the slow, silent slide of sand.

The matching of final sounds in words at the ends of lines, giving a poem its musical pattern.

The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that gives a poem its beat and pace when read aloud.

A group of lines in a poem set off by a space, functioning like a paragraph in prose.

Language that appeals to the senses and creates vivid mental pictures, often through metaphor and descriptive detail.

The sequence of events in a narrative, arranged to build tension and reach a resolution.

The point of greatest tension in a narrative, where the central conflict comes to a head and the outcome turns.

The time and place in which a story's action occurs, which can shape mood and influence character behaviour.

The voice that tells a story; the narrator may be a participant in the events or an outside observer.

The perspective from which a story is told, such as first person (I), third-person limited, or omniscient.

A speech in a play in which a character alone on stage reveals private thoughts aloud to the audience.

A poem or speech in which a single speaker addresses an implied listener and inadvertently reveals character.