CHSE Odisha Elective Information Technology flashcards
CHSE Odisha Elective Information Technology · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Von Neumann architecture
- A computer design in which the CPU, memory, and I/O share a single memory for both instructions and data, executed in fetch-decode-execute cycles.
- RAM vs ROM
- RAM is volatile working memory that loses contents on power-off; ROM is non-volatile and stores firmware such as the BIOS used at startup.
- Cache memory
- A small, fast memory between the CPU and RAM that stores recently used instructions and data to reduce average access time.
- Absolute path
- A file path that starts at the root of the file system, such as C:\Users\Name\file.txt or /home/name/file.txt, and is independent of the current directory.
- Deadlock conditions
- A deadlock needs mutual exclusion, hold-and-wait, no preemption, and circular wait simultaneously; removing any one condition prevents it from occurring.
- Virtual memory
- A technique that uses disk space as an extension of RAM, allowing programs larger than physical memory to run through paging and swapping.
- Mail merge
- A word-processing feature that combines a main document with a data source to produce personalized copies, such as letters or labels, for each record.
- Section break
- A document divider that allows different page orientation, margins, headers, footers, or column layouts within a single word-processing file.
- Absolute cell reference
- A spreadsheet reference such as $A$1 that keeps both column and row fixed when the formula is copied to other cells.
- VLOOKUP function
- A spreadsheet function that searches the first column of a range and returns a value from a specified column; exact match uses FALSE or 0.
- Pivot table
- An interactive summary tool that groups and aggregates spreadsheet data by row, column, and value fields without changing the underlying source records.
- Slide master
- A presentation template layer that stores fonts, colors, and placeholder positions, applying consistent formatting to every slide that uses its layouts.
- Raster vs vector
- Raster images are pixel grids that blur when enlarged; vector graphics use mathematical paths and scale without losing quality.
- Primary key
- A database column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a table and cannot contain duplicate or null values.
- Third normal form
- A table is in 3NF when it is in 2NF and no non-key attribute depends transitively on another non-key attribute, removing redundancy.
- TCP vs UDP
- TCP is connection-oriented and reliable with acknowledgments and retransmission; UDP is connectionless and best-effort with lower overhead.
- DNS
- The Domain Name System translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses so browsers can locate servers on the internet.
- HTTPS
- HTTP secured by TLS, which encrypts traffic between browser and server, verifies server identity by certificate, and uses port 443 by default.
- HTML alt attribute
- Text in an image tag that describes the image for screen readers and displays when the image fails to load, improving accessibility.
- CSS specificity
- The rule that decides which style wins when rules conflict: inline styles beat IDs, IDs beat classes, and classes beat element selectors.
- Do-while loop
- An iteration structure that tests its condition after executing the body, so the body always runs at least once even if the condition is false.
- Flowchart decision symbol
- A diamond shape in a flowchart that represents a condition with two or more outgoing branches, such as yes and no paths.
- Phishing
- A social-engineering attack that impersonates a trusted entity through email or messages to trick users into revealing passwords, OTPs, or financial data.
- Ransomware
- Malicious software that encrypts a victim's files or locks the system and demands payment, usually in cryptocurrency, for restoring access.
- Two-factor authentication
- A login method requiring two different evidence types, such as a password plus a one-time code, making stolen passwords alone insufficient for access.
- Scheduling algorithm FCFS
- First-Come First-Served runs processes in arrival order; it is simple but can cause the convoy effect when a long job blocks short ones.
- Paging
- A memory-management scheme that divides memory into fixed-size pages and frames, allowing non-contiguous allocation and reducing external fragmentation.
- SUMIF function
- A spreadsheet function that adds values in a range only when corresponding cells in another range meet a specified criterion.
- Normalization
- The process of organizing database tables to reduce redundancy and update anomalies by applying normal forms such as 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF.
- IP address
- A logical numeric identifier assigned to a device on a network; IPv4 is 32-bit dotted decimal and IPv6 is 128-bit hexadecimal.
- Semantic HTML
- The use of tags such as header, nav, main, article, and footer that describe content meaning, improving accessibility and search-engine understanding.
- Syntax vs logic error
- A syntax error breaks language rules and prevents compilation; a logic error runs but produces incorrect output because the algorithm is flawed.