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Odisha CHSE +2 Vocational Graphic Art study materials
Odisha CHSE +2 Vocational Graphic Art study resources

Odisha CHSE +2 Vocational Graphic Art practice questions

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Question 1Fundamentals of Art and Design

In the Odisha CHSE +2 Vocational Graphic Art syllabus, the element of design that refers to the path of a moving point and can be straight, curved, or broken is called what?

  1. Shape
  2. Value
  3. Texture
  4. Line Correct answer.

Explanation

A line is defined as the path traced by a moving point; it may be straight, curved, zigzag, or broken. Line is treated as a basic element of design because it directs the eye and defines boundaries. Texture, value, and shape are separate elements with different roles.

Question 2Fundamentals of Art and Design

A graphic art student mixes white into a pure red pigment. What change occurs in the resulting colour?

  1. The hue darkens and the value decreases
  2. The colour becomes a shade with a darker value
  3. The colour becomes a tint with a lighter value Correct answer.
  4. The colour becomes complementary to red

Explanation

Adding white to a hue produces a tint, which raises the value and lowers the saturation. The hue family stays red but appears lighter and softer. Adding black instead would produce a shade.

Question 3Fundamentals of Art and Design

Which pair of colours is described as complementary on the standard artist's colour wheel?

  1. Red and orange
  2. Blue and green
  3. Red and blue
  4. Yellow and violet Correct answer.

Explanation

Complementary colours sit directly opposite each other on the colour wheel. Yellow and violet are opposite, so they form a complementary pair. Neighbouring colours such as red and orange are analogous instead.

Question 4Fundamentals of Art and Design

In design terminology, the principle concerned with the size relationship between parts of a composition is known as what?

  1. Emphasis
  2. Balance
  3. Rhythm
  4. Proportion Correct answer.

Explanation

Proportion deals with the relative size and scale of parts within a whole composition. Rhythm concerns repeated movement, emphasis concerns focal point, and balance concerns visual weight distribution.

Question 5Fundamentals of Art and Design

A poster uses repeated curved shapes that guide the viewer's eye smoothly across the layout. Which principle of design is being applied?

  1. Symmetry
  2. Rhythm Correct answer.
  3. Contrast
  4. Proportion

Explanation

Rhythm is created by repeating elements so the eye moves in a controlled, flowing way. Curved repeated shapes produce a rhythmic visual beat. Contrast relies on difference, symmetry on mirrored balance, and proportion on size relationships.

Question 6Fundamentals of Art and Design

Which drawing medium is traditionally supplied as a stick of compressed pigment bound with gum and is often used for broad tonal shading in graphic art?

  1. Pastel Correct answer.
  2. Gouache
  3. Charcoal
  4. Ink

Explanation

Pastels are compressed pigment sticks bound with a gum or resin, used for broad tonal shading and colour work. Charcoal is carbonised wood, ink is a liquid, and gouache is an opaque water-based paint.

Question 7Fundamentals of Art and Design

In colour theory, red, yellow, and blue are traditionally classified as which type of colour?

  1. Tertiary colours
  2. Primary colours Correct answer.
  3. Secondary colours
  4. Neutral colours

Explanation

In the traditional artist's colour model, red, yellow, and blue are the primary colours because they cannot be mixed from other pigments. Secondary colours are made by mixing two primaries, and tertiary colours by mixing a primary with a secondary.

Question 8Fundamentals of Art and Design

A design student needs a quick, erasable medium for light construction lines before inking a final drawing. Which choice best suits this purpose?

  1. HB graphite pencil Correct answer.
  2. Permanent marker
  3. Brush and ink
  4. Oil pastel

Explanation

Graphite pencils, especially in grades such as HB, allow light erasable construction lines before final inking. Permanent markers, brush ink, and oil pastels are not easily erased and are unsuitable for preliminary guidelines.

Question 9Fundamentals of Art and Design

Which colour scheme is built entirely from variations of a single hue, using tints, shades, and tones of that hue?

  1. Complementary scheme
  2. Triadic scheme
  3. Analogous scheme
  4. Monochromatic scheme Correct answer.

Explanation

A monochromatic scheme uses only one hue varied through tints, shades, and tones. Analogous schemes use neighbouring hues, triadic schemes use three evenly spaced hues, and complementary schemes use opposite hues.

Question 10Fundamentals of Art and Design

A designer places a small bright red circle in a large field of muted grey. Which principle does this arrangement most directly demonstrate?

  1. Balance through symmetry
  2. Unity through repetition
  3. Emphasis through contrast Correct answer.
  4. Proportion through scale

Explanation

A small saturated colour against a large muted field creates strong contrast, which directs attention and establishes emphasis. Repetition and symmetry are not the mechanism here, and scale alone does not explain the attraction of the eye.

Question 11Fundamentals of Art and Design

In a two-dimensional composition, the area that appears to lie closest to the viewer is best described as which part of the picture plane?

  1. Foreground Correct answer.
  2. Vanishing point
  3. Background
  4. Middle ground

Explanation

The foreground is the part of a composition that appears nearest the viewer. The middle ground sits further back and the background furthest away. A vanishing point is a perspective construction point, not a depth zone.

Question 12Fundamentals of Art and Design

A student wants to draw a cube in one-point perspective. How many vanishing points are used, and where are they placed?

  1. Three vanishing points, two on the horizon and one above
  2. One vanishing point on the horizon line Correct answer.
  3. No vanishing points, because parallel lines stay parallel
  4. Two vanishing points, both on the horizon line

Explanation

In one-point perspective, the front face of the object is parallel to the picture plane and receding edges converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon line. Two-point perspective uses two vanishing points, and three-point adds a vertical one.

Question 13Fundamentals of Art and Design

Which typeface classification is characterised by small decorative strokes at the ends of letter stems and is often used for long printed text?

  1. Script
  2. Display
  3. Serif Correct answer.
  4. Sans serif

Explanation

Serif typefaces carry small finishing strokes called serifs at the ends of stems and are commonly chosen for extended body text. Sans serif lacks these strokes, while script and display faces serve decorative or headline purposes.

Question 14Fundamentals of Art and Design

In typography, the term leading refers to which measurement?

  1. The vertical distance between lines of text Correct answer.
  2. The space between individual letters
  3. The width of a single character
  4. The space between words

Explanation

Leading is the vertical spacing between successive baselines or lines of type. Letter spacing is tracking or kerning, character width is a glyph metric, and word spacing is a separate setting.

Question 15Fundamentals of Art and Design

A designer is laying out a page and wants to establish a consistent invisible structure to align text blocks and images. Which design aid should be used?

  1. A grid system Correct answer.
  2. A colour wheel
  3. A value scale
  4. A texture swatch

Explanation

A grid system provides an underlying structure of columns, margins, and guides that aligns elements consistently. Colour wheels, value scales, and texture swatches are reference tools for colour and tone, not alignment structures.

Question 16Fundamentals of Art and Design

In a landscape drawing, distant hills are shown with less detail and cooler, lighter tones than nearby trees. Which depth cue is being used?

  1. Foreshortening
  2. Linear perspective
  3. Atmospheric perspective Correct answer.
  4. Isometric projection

Explanation

Atmospheric perspective represents distance by reducing detail and contrast and shifting distant colours toward cooler, lighter tones. Linear perspective uses converging lines, isometric projection uses parallel axes, and foreshortening compresses forms along the line of sight.

Question 17Fundamentals of Art and Design

Which of the following best describes the difference between shape and form in design?

  1. Shape is a two-dimensional area, while form has volume and depth Correct answer.
  2. Shape is three-dimensional, while form is flat
  3. Shape is always geometric, while form is always organic
  4. Shape refers to colour, while form refers to texture

Explanation

Shape describes a flat, two-dimensional enclosed area, whereas form describes a three-dimensional object with volume and depth. Both shape and form may be geometric or organic, so the distinction is not about category of outline.

Question 18Fundamentals of Art and Design

A student paints a colour wheel in which orange sits between red and yellow. Which mixing relationship does orange represent?

  1. A neutral colour
  2. A primary colour
  3. A secondary colour Correct answer.
  4. A tertiary colour

Explanation

Orange is produced by mixing two primary colours, red and yellow, so it is a secondary colour. Tertiary colours mix a primary with an adjacent secondary, and neutrals are low-saturation mixtures.

Question 19Fundamentals of Art and Design

In a balanced but asymmetrical composition, how is visual balance achieved?

  1. By distributing visual weight unequally while keeping the whole stable Correct answer.
  2. By placing identical elements on both sides of a central axis
  3. By removing all contrast from the layout
  4. By repeating the same motif in every corner

Explanation

Asymmetrical balance keeps a composition stable while the two sides differ in size, position, or tone, so visual weight is distributed unequally. Identical mirrored elements describe symmetry, and repetition or removal of contrast are separate strategies.

Question 20Fundamentals of Art and Design

Which statement correctly distinguishes hue from value in colour terminology?

  1. Hue is the lightness of a colour, while value is its name
  2. Hue and value are identical terms
  3. Hue refers to texture, while value refers to saturation
  4. Hue is the family name of a colour, while value is its lightness or darkness Correct answer.

Explanation

Hue names the colour family, such as red or blue, while value describes how light or dark that colour is. The two are independent properties, so a single hue can appear at many values.

Question 21Fundamentals of Art and Design

A designer deliberately places a very dark, high-contrast shape beside a light, low-contrast area. What is the most likely intended effect?

  1. To create a focal point through contrast Correct answer.
  2. To make the composition perfectly symmetrical
  3. To lower the saturation of the whole layout
  4. To reduce the overall visual hierarchy

Explanation

Strong local contrast in value draws the eye and establishes a focal point, shaping the visual hierarchy. It does not flatten hierarchy, create symmetry, or by itself desaturate the layout.

Question 22Fundamentals of Art and Design

In a composition, a designer repeats a triangular motif at gradually increasing sizes from left to right. Which two principles are being combined most directly?

  1. Rhythm and proportion Correct answer.
  2. Emphasis and neutralisation
  3. Symmetry and texture
  4. Value and hue

Explanation

Repetition creates rhythm, while the changing sizes establish a proportional progression or scale relationship. Texture, hue, and neutralisation are not the principles being manipulated in this arrangement.

Question 23Fundamentals of Art and Design

A graphic art student needs to produce a smooth, fully opaque flat colour area for a poster. Which medium is most appropriate?

  1. Gouache Correct answer.
  2. Charcoal
  3. Graphite pencil
  4. Watercolour washes

Explanation

Gouache is an opaque water-based paint that dries to a flat, solid colour and is well suited to opaque poster areas. Watercolour is transparent, while graphite and charcoal produce tonal marks rather than flat opaque colour.

Question 24Fundamentals of Art and Design

A designer argues that a triadic colour scheme is generally more vibrant but harder to harmonise than an analogous scheme. Which reasoning best supports this claim?

  1. Triadic hues are adjacent on the wheel, so they blend easily
  2. Analogous hues are opposite on the wheel, so they clash
  3. Triadic hues are widely separated, creating strong contrast that needs careful balancing Correct answer.
  4. Analogous schemes always use only one hue

Explanation

Triadic colours are spaced evenly around the wheel, producing strong contrast and lively results that require careful balancing of area and value. Analogous colours sit next to each other and harmonise more easily because they share hue tendencies.

Question 25Fundamentals of Art and Design

In two-point perspective, a box is drawn with one vertical edge nearest the viewer. Where do the receding horizontal edges converge?

  1. At two separate vanishing points on the horizon line Correct answer.
  2. At a single vanishing point on the horizon
  3. At a point directly above the box
  4. At the centre of the nearest vertical edge

Explanation

In two-point perspective, the object is turned so that two sets of receding edges converge at two separate vanishing points placed on the horizon line. A single vanishing point describes one-point perspective, and a point above the box relates to three-point perspective.

Question 26Fundamentals of Art and Design

In the visual elements of art, a line that suggests a surface continuing into depth without a drawn boundary is best described as which kind of line?

  1. A hatching line
  2. A contour line
  3. An implied line Correct answer.
  4. A gesture line

Explanation

An implied line is not physically drawn but is suggested by aligned edges, gazes, or shapes so the viewer's eye completes the connection. It is a key device in graphic composition for guiding attention and suggesting continuation beyond the visible marks.

Question 27Fundamentals of Art and Design

A poster artist wants a soft, smudged tonal passage that can be blended with the fingertip or a stump. Which drawing material is most suited to this effect?

  1. Charcoal Correct answer.
  2. Watercolour wash
  3. Technical pen
  4. Marker pen

Explanation

Charcoal deposits soft, powdery pigment that lifts and blends easily, producing the gradual tonal gradations used for shading and atmospheric effects. Its friable nature is exactly what allows smudging, though it also requires a fixative to prevent rubbing off.

Question 28Fundamentals of Art and Design

A composition places a large, heavily textured dark mass on the left and a small, smooth light shape on the right. Which statement best explains why the arrangement can still read as balanced?

  1. The visual weight of the large dark mass is offset by the small shape's high contrast and isolation Correct answer.
  2. The arrangement is balanced because both shapes share the same texture
  3. The balance depends only on the shapes being placed on the same horizontal axis
  4. The composition is unbalanced because the two shapes differ in size

Explanation

Visual weight is not determined by size alone: dark value, dense texture, and isolation from other elements all increase a shape's pull on the eye. A small but strongly contrasting, isolated form can therefore counterbalance a much larger, quieter mass, which is the basis of asymmetric balance.

Question 29Fundamentals of Art and Design

A student mixes a small quantity of a colour's complement into it to reduce its saturation while keeping its hue family recognisable. Which term describes the resulting colour?

  1. A tone Correct answer.
  2. A pure hue
  3. A shade
  4. A tint

Explanation

A tone is produced by adding grey, or by mixing a colour with its complement, which lowers saturation while the hue remains identifiable. This differs from tints, which lighten with white, and shades, which darken with black.

Question 30Fundamentals of Art and Design

A designer is building a grid for a poster and wants the columns to relate to each other by a constant ratio so that every division echoes the whole. Which approach best satisfies this aim?

  1. Dividing the page into equal columns regardless of the content they hold
  2. Placing elements freely and aligning them by eye after layout
  3. Using margins of arbitrary width chosen separately for each edge
  4. Constructing the grid from a modular system based on a single proportional unit Correct answer.

Explanation

A modular or proportional grid derives every division from one base unit or ratio, so columns, margins, and gutters share a common measure and the layout feels internally consistent. This proportional relationship is what makes each division appear to echo the whole composition.

Question 31Drawing and Sketching Techniques

In a pencil sketch of a still-life object, which grade of graphite pencil is most suitable for laying down light construction lines before final shading?

  1. 9B
  2. 4B
  3. 2H Correct answer.
  4. 6B

Explanation

Hard pencils such as 2H leave a light, clean line that is easy to erase and does not smudge the paper during early construction. Soft pencils like 6B and 4B deposit heavy dark graphite that is difficult to remove and dirties the drawing surface. Construction lines should stay faint and non-greasy so later shading sits cleanly on top.

Question 32Drawing and Sketching Techniques

Which drawing tool is best suited for drawing smooth, precise parallel lines and circles at fixed radii in a technical sketch?

  1. A blending stump
  2. A putty knife
  3. A ruler and compass Correct answer.
  4. A kneaded eraser

Explanation

A ruler and compass are the standard instruments for straight parallel lines and accurate circles of a set radius. Kneaded erasers, blending stumps and putty knives are modelling or shading tools and cannot produce precise geometry. Precision instruments belong to technical drawing, while freehand sketching uses the hand alone.

Question 33Drawing and Sketching Techniques

A sketch is described as having its main subject placed off-centre with more empty space on one side. This arrangement is a practical example of which principle?

  1. Rule of thirds composition Correct answer.
  2. Symmetrical balance
  3. Linear perspective
  4. Chiaroscuro

Explanation

Placing the subject off-centre, near one of the imaginary third-lines, is the rule of thirds, which creates dynamic visual interest. Symmetrical balance requires a mirrored, centred arrangement, not an off-centre one. Linear perspective and chiaroscuro deal with depth and light respectively, not with placement of the subject on the picture plane.

Question 34Drawing and Sketching Techniques

Which type of line is most appropriate to indicate a hidden internal edge of an object in an orthographic drawing?

  1. A chain line
  2. A wavy freehand line
  3. A dashed line Correct answer.
  4. A continuous thick line

Explanation

Hidden edges are conventionally shown with dashed lines of medium thickness so they read clearly but stay subordinate to visible outlines. Continuous thick lines represent visible edges, chain lines mark centre axes, and wavy lines denote break limits. The distinction lets a viewer separate what is seen from what is concealed.

Question 35Drawing and Sketching Techniques

What is the primary purpose of a gesture drawing in figure sketching?

  1. To establish exact proportions using a grid
  2. To record the rhythmic action and overall pose quickly Correct answer.
  3. To complete a fully finished tonal portrait
  4. To render every anatomical detail with fine shading

Explanation

Gesture drawing is a rapid sketch that captures the movement, rhythm and essential action of a pose rather than detail. Detailed anatomy, grids and finished tonal work belong to later, slower stages of drawing. The quick sweeping mark helps the artist understand the figure's energy before refining it.

Question 36Drawing and Sketching Techniques

Which of the following is the standard term for the imaginary horizontal line at eye level in a perspective drawing?

  1. The vanishing point
  2. The horizon line Correct answer.
  3. The station point
  4. The ground plane

Explanation

The horizon line is the horizontal line at the viewer's eye level on which vanishing points are placed. The vanishing point is a single point where receding parallel lines converge, while the ground plane is the surface the object stands on. The station point is the viewer's position in space.

Question 37Drawing and Sketching Techniques

Which shading technique builds tone by drawing closely spaced parallel lines that do not cross?

  1. Cross-hatching
  2. Scumbling
  3. Stippling
  4. Hatching Correct answer.

Explanation

Hatching uses a set of parallel lines to build value, with density and spacing controlling darkness. Cross-hatching adds a second set of lines crossing the first, stippling uses dots, and scumbling uses scribbled or broken marks. Keeping the lines parallel is the defining feature of simple hatching.

Question 38Drawing and Sketching Techniques

In sketching, what does the term foreshortening describe?

  1. The widening of a form to emphasise its importance
  2. The sharpening of an edge to create a hard contour
  3. The apparent shortening of forms that recede towards the viewer Correct answer.
  4. The gradual lightening of tone towards the background

Explanation

Foreshortening is the visual compression of a form when it points towards or away from the viewer, so a limb or object appears shorter than its true length. It is a consequence of perspective and is essential when drawing figures in action. Lightening tone and sharpening edges are separate tonal and contour decisions.

Question 39Drawing and Sketching Techniques

A student wants to check the accuracy of a freehand proportion sketch. Which method is most appropriate?

  1. Erase all construction lines before checking
  2. Trace the object directly onto the paper
  3. Shade the drawing heavily to hide errors
  4. Sight the subject along a pencil held at arm's length and compare units Correct answer.

Explanation

Sighting along a pencil held at arm's length lets the artist compare relative lengths and widths as consistent units. Heavy shading, erasing early, or tracing do not test proportion and can conceal mistakes. Measuring by eye with a straight edge is a standard freehand accuracy check.

Question 40Drawing and Sketching Techniques

When drawing a cube in two-point perspective, where are the two vanishing points placed?

  1. One on the horizon and one at the top of the page
  2. Both on the horizon line, one on each side of the object Correct answer.
  3. At the centre of the cube's front face
  4. Both below the ground plane, close together

Explanation

In two-point perspective both vanishing points lie on the horizon line, separated on either side of the object, because two sets of horizontal edges recede. Placing a vanishing point off the horizon breaks the perspective logic. The front vertical edge of the cube stays vertical.

Question 41Drawing and Sketching Techniques

Which pencil grade should be used to render the darkest deep shadows in a tonal pencil drawing?

  1. 6B Correct answer.
  2. 6H
  3. 2H
  4. HB

Explanation

Soft B grades such as 6B deposit dense, dark graphite suited to deep shadow and strong contrast. H grades are hard and light, and HB is a mid-tone general-purpose pencil. Choosing a soft grade allows rich darks without excessive pressure that would groove the paper.

Question 42Drawing and Sketching Techniques

A still-life drawing shows a sphere lit from the upper left. Where should the core shadow and the cast shadow fall?

  1. Core shadow on the lower right of the sphere, cast shadow to the lower right Correct answer.
  2. Core shadow at the centre, cast shadow directly above
  3. Core shadow on the upper left, cast shadow to the upper left
  4. Core shadow on the upper right, cast shadow to the upper left

Explanation

With light from the upper left, the shaded side of the sphere faces the lower right, and the cast shadow is thrown away from the light towards the lower right. Placing shadows toward the light source contradicts the physics of illumination. The highlight and light side sit on the upper left.

Question 43Drawing and Sketching Techniques

Which choice best describes the purpose of using a viewfinder when composing a sketch from life?

  1. To measure the exact angle of the light source
  2. To hold the paper steady while shading
  3. To isolate and frame a subject so its proportions and placement can be judged Correct answer.
  4. To magnify fine detail for rendering texture

Explanation

A viewfinder is a simple frame, often made of card, held up to isolate a chosen area so the artist can judge composition, proportion and placement within that frame. It does not magnify, measure light angles, or support the paper. It helps translate the three-dimensional scene onto a flat rectangle.

Question 44Drawing and Sketching Techniques

In an orthographic projection, what is the standard relationship between the front view and the top view?

  1. The top view is placed below and shares its depth only
  2. The top view is placed directly above the front view and shares its width Correct answer.
  3. The top view is placed to the right and shares its height
  4. The top view is rotated 45 degrees from the front view

Explanation

In first-angle and standard orthographic layout the top view sits directly above the front view and aligns horizontally with it, sharing the same width. The side view is usually placed to one side and shares height. Consistent alignment of shared dimensions is the basis of projection drawing.

Question 45Drawing and Sketching Techniques

An artist wants to soften the transition between light and shadow on a charcoal drawing without erasing. Which tool is most appropriate?

  1. A tortillon or blending stump Correct answer.
  2. A craft knife
  3. A hard 6H pencil
  4. A ruling pen

Explanation

A tortillon or blending stump is a rolled paper tool used to smudge and blend charcoal or graphite into smooth transitions. A craft knife cuts paper, a 6H pencil adds a hard light line, and a ruling pen is for inking straight lines. Blending tools are designed specifically for softening tone.

Question 46Drawing and Sketching Techniques

Which statement correctly describes contour drawing as practised in sketching classes?

  1. It records the outer edge and changes of plane of a form with a continuous line Correct answer.
  2. It builds volume entirely through cross-hatched tonal patches
  3. It uses only straight ruled lines to measure proportions
  4. It relies on erasing to define the final outline

Explanation

Contour drawing follows the visible edges and surface changes of a form with a continuous, often slow line, sometimes without looking at the paper. It is not a tonal method, does not use ruled straight lines, and does not depend on erasing. The aim is to understand the form's outline and structure.

Question 47Drawing and Sketching Techniques

A sketch of a room shows the far wall small and the near floor tiles large. Which perspective principle explains this?

  1. Objects appear smaller as their distance from the viewer increases Correct answer.
  2. Colour saturation increases with distance
  3. Objects appear darker as they approach the viewer
  4. Parallel lines appear to diverge as they recede

Explanation

In linear perspective, apparent size decreases with distance, so the far wall looks smaller and near floor tiles look larger. Receding parallel lines converge rather than diverge, and atmospheric effects usually reduce contrast and saturation with distance. The size-distance relationship is the key principle here.

Question 48Drawing and Sketching Techniques

When sketching a human figure, the standard rough proportion places the midpoint of the standing adult body at which landmark?

  1. The shoulder line
  2. The pubic region or hip joint Correct answer.
  3. The navel
  4. The knee

Explanation

A common working proportion places the midpoint of a standing adult figure near the pubic region or hip joint, giving roughly equal halves above and below. The navel sits above that midpoint, the knee lies near the lower quarter, and the shoulder line is well above the middle. This guide helps block in the figure quickly.

Question 49Drawing and Sketching Techniques

A student's drawing of a cylinder shows elliptical top and bottom faces that are too pointed at the sides. What correction is needed?

  1. Make the ellipses fuller and more rounded at the ends Correct answer.
  2. Tilt the cylinder so the ellipses become circles
  3. Draw the ellipses as perfect circles in all views
  4. Remove the ellipses and use straight lines only

Explanation

The top and bottom faces of a cylinder in perspective are ellipses, and pointed ends indicate the curve has been drawn too sharp. The ends should be smoothly rounded so the ellipse reads as a circle seen at an angle. Drawing true circles only applies when the face is viewed straight on.

Question 50Drawing and Sketching Techniques

Which combination of shading techniques would best render a smooth, softly graduated background tone in graphite?

  1. Light hatching blended with a stump Correct answer.
  2. Stippling with widely spaced dots
  3. Heavy cross-hatching left unblended
  4. Bold contour lines only

Explanation

Light hatching that is then blended with a stump produces a smooth, gradual tonal transition suitable for a background. Widely spaced stippling gives a broken texture, unblended cross-hatching stays visibly linear, and contour lines describe edges rather than tone. Combining a gentle hatch with blending is the practical route to soft gradation.