Odisha CHSE +2 Vocational PDFM (RMPDFM) key terms

A full-size replica of the object to be cast, including allowance for shrinkage, machining and draft, used to form the mould cavity in sand casting.

The slight taper given to vertical faces of a pattern so that it can be withdrawn from the sand mould without breaking the mould edges.

Extra size added to a pattern to compensate for the contraction of molten metal as it cools and solidifies in the mould.

The upper and lower halves of a two-part moulding box; the cope is the top part and the drag is the bottom part containing the pattern.

The runner is the channel that carries molten metal into the mould cavity; the riser is a reservoir of liquid metal that feeds the casting as it shrinks.

A moulding mixture of silica sand, clay and water used while still moist; it is cheap and widely used but has lower strength than dried moulds.

A shaped sand or resin body placed inside a mould to form internal cavities or holes in the casting, later broken out and removed.

Any imperfection in a casting such as blowhole, shrinkage cavity, cold shut, misrun or sand inclusion that makes the part unacceptable or needing repair.

Shaping heated metal by compressive force from hammers or presses; it refines grain structure and improves strength compared with casting.

A heat treatment in which metal is heated and then cooled slowly to soften it, relieve internal stresses and improve machinability.

Hardening involves heating steel and quenching it to form martensite; tempering reheats it to reduce brittleness while keeping useful hardness and toughness.

A permanent joining process that fuses two metal parts by heat, with or without pressure and filler metal, producing a continuous metallurgical bond.

Joining processes where a filler metal melts at a temperature below the parent metal; brazing uses filler above 450 °C and soldering below it.

A fault in a welded joint such as porosity, slag inclusion, lack of penetration, undercut or crack that weakens the joint and may cause rejection.

Removing unwanted material from a workpiece as chips using a cutting tool on machines such as lathes, drilling machines, milling machines or grinders.

Cutting speed is the rate at which the tool edge moves past the work surface, usually in metres per minute; feed is the distance the tool advances per revolution or stroke.

Gradual loss of cutting-edge material through abrasion, adhesion, diffusion or chipping, which raises cutting forces and worsens surface finish until the tool is reground.

The system that defines the maximum and minimum permitted sizes of mating parts and the resulting clearance or interference between a hole and a shaft.

The total permissible variation between the maximum and minimum limits of a dimension; it is the difference between upper and lower limit sizes.

The degree of smoothness of a machined surface, expressed as roughness average (Ra) in micrometres and specified on drawings by a surface texture symbol.

Inspection methods such as dye penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic and radiographic testing that reveal internal or surface flaws without damaging the component.

A measuring instrument with a main scale and a sliding vernier scale that reads outside, inside and depth dimensions to a least count usually of 0.02 mm.

A precision instrument using a calibrated screw and thimble to measure small external or internal dimensions, typically to a least count of 0.01 mm.

The smallest measurement that an instrument can read reliably, found from the value of one main-scale division divided by the number of vernier divisions.

A drawing method that shows a three-dimensional object as separate front, top and side views projected at right angles onto planes, using first- or third-angle layout.

A pictorial drawing in which the three axes are drawn 120° apart, giving a three-dimensional impression without the perspective distortion of vanishing points.

A drawing view that imagines the object cut by a plane and removes the near part to reveal internal features, with cut material shown by hatching lines.

A list on or with a drawing giving the part numbers, descriptions, materials and quantities of all components needed to make an assembly.

A schematic drawing that uses standard symbols to show how electrical or electronic components are connected, without regard to their physical position.

A drawing that shows the actual physical arrangement and routing of wires between terminals and components, used mainly for installation and fault tracing.

Safety items worn by a worker such as helmet, goggles, gloves, ear plugs, respirator and safety shoes that reduce exposure to workplace hazards.

Physical barriers, interlocks or covers fitted around rotating, moving or hot parts of machinery to prevent contact injuries and to keep chips and coolant contained.

A structured process of identifying hazards, judging how likely and how severe harm could be, and deciding controls to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.

A document supplied with a hazardous chemical that lists its hazards, safe handling, storage, first-aid and disposal requirements, now often called an SDS.

Separating waste at source into categories such as metal scrap, plastics, paper, oil-soaked rags and hazardous chemical waste so each can be recycled or disposed of safely.

Producing goods while minimising energy, water and raw-material use and reducing emissions and waste, so that environmental and economic needs are balanced over time.

Getting the same useful output from less energy by choosing efficient machines, avoiding idle running, preventing leaks and maintaining equipment properly.

A written, step-by-step instruction that describes how a task must be carried out safely and consistently, including checks, tools and acceptance criteria.

The set of inspection and testing activities used to check that products meet specified requirements, with nonconforming items identified, segregated and corrected.

The activity of identifying a market need, mobilising money, materials and people, and taking the financial risk of starting and running a business venture.

The sales volume at which total revenue equals total cost, so the business makes neither profit nor loss; above it each extra sale adds profit.

Goods and Services Tax, an indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services in India; businesses must register, charge it and file periodic returns.

The non-technical abilities employers expect, including communication, teamwork, problem solving, time management, digital literacy and a positive work attitude.

Paying full attention to a speaker, noting key points, asking clarifying questions and confirming understanding before acting, which prevents costly errors at work.

A structured written document that states the purpose, method, observations, results and conclusions of a task, often with tables and recommendations for action.

The principles guiding conduct at work, such as honesty, punctuality, respect for colleagues, confidentiality, avoiding bribery and taking responsibility for one's actions.

The use of software to create, modify and store two- and three-dimensional drawings and models, from which dimensions, materials lists and manufacturing data can be produced.