Delhi Police Head Constable Ministerial key terms

A comparison of two quantities of the same kind, written as a:b, showing how many times one value contains the other. Ratios are reduced like fractions and used to divide amounts in given proportions.

An equation stating that two ratios are equal, such as a:b = c:d. In a proportion the product of the extremes equals the product of the means, which lets you solve for an unknown term.

A solving technique that first finds the value of one unit and then multiplies it to get the required quantity. It is widely used in time-work, speed-distance and price problems.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. It represents a central value and is used to find missing numbers, combined averages and effect of adding or removing items.

A fraction expressed with denominator 100, denoted by the % sign. It converts parts of a whole into a comparable scale and is central to profit-loss, discount and data interpretation questions.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using the formula P x R x T / 100. It does not earn interest on previously accumulated interest, unlike compound interest.

Interest calculated on the principal plus interest already earned, so the amount grows each period. The formula is A = P(1 + R/100)^T, and it exceeds simple interest for periods longer than one year.

The comparison of cost price with selling price to find gain or loss, usually expressed as a percentage of cost price. Key formulas include SP = CP(100 + gain%)/100 and discount applied on marked price.

The relationship distance = speed x time, used to solve problems on trains, boats and streams, and relative speed. Converting km/h to m/s requires multiplying by 5/18.

Problems finding how long people or machines take to finish a task together or alone. One day's work is the reciprocal of the number of days, and rates are added when working jointly.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule such as addition, multiplication, squares or alternating patterns. The candidate must identify the rule and supply the missing or wrong term.

A reasoning item presenting a pair of related items and asking for another pair with the same relationship, written as A:B :: C:?. The link may be based on function, part-whole, degree or category.

A reasoning task where four or five items are given and one does not share the common property of the others. The candidate must identify the item that breaks the underlying rule.

A reasoning topic where words or numbers are converted into a code by a fixed rule, such as letter shifts or reversals. The candidate must decode the rule and apply it to a new word.

Reasoning problems describing family relationships in words or symbols, requiring the candidate to deduce how two people are related. Drawing a family tree with clear gender and generation markers helps avoid errors.

Problems tracking a person's movement through turns and distances to find the final position or facing direction. A sketch with north fixed upward and Pythagoras for shortest distance simplifies the solution.

A logic topic presenting statements and conclusions, asking which conclusions logically follow. Standard forms like All A are B, Some A are B and No A is B are tested using Venn diagrams.

A puzzle placing people in rows or around a circle according to clues about position and facing direction. Candidates must build a consistent arrangement and answer questions about who sits where.

A verbal reasoning item where a statement is followed by assumptions, and the candidate decides which assumption is implicit in the statement. Only unstated but necessary beliefs count as implicit assumptions.

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context. Synonym questions test vocabulary depth, so candidates should learn words with their shades of meaning.

A word opposite in meaning to another word. Antonym questions require recognising contrasts such as brave and cowardly, and often include close distractors that differ only in degree.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be understood from its individual words, such as 'to bite the dust' meaning to fail. Questions ask for the correct meaning or a suitable replacement in a sentence.

Replacing a phrase with a single precise word, for example 'one who loves mankind' becomes philanthropist. It tests vocabulary recall and is a common section in English papers.

Voice shows whether the subject performs or receives the action. In passive voice the object becomes the subject and the verb takes a form of 'be' plus the past participle.

Direct speech quotes a speaker's exact words in inverted commas; indirect speech reports them without quotation marks. Conversion changes pronouns, tense and time words according to sequence-of-tense rules.

The grammatical category showing the time of an action, past, present or future, and its aspect, simple, continuous, perfect or perfect continuous. Correct tense use depends on time markers and sequence rules.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb. Collective nouns, either/or constructions and intervening phrases are frequent traps.

The determiners a, an and the. 'A' and 'an' are indefinite and depend on sound, while 'the' is definite and used for specific or unique things; omission is also tested.

A word showing the relation of a noun or pronoun to another element, such as in, on, at, of or since. Fixed combinations like 'comprise of' errors and time-place rules are commonly tested.

दो वर्णों या शब्दों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। संधि के स्वर, व्यंजन और विसर्ग तीन भेद हैं।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। इसके तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव भेद हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के आरम्भ में जुड़कर उसका अर्थ बदल देता है, जैसे 'अन' + 'पढ़' = अनपढ़। उपसर्ग का ज्ञान शब्द-निर्माण और अर्थ-पहचान के प्रश्नों में सहायक होता है।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया अर्थ या भाव प्रकट करता है, जैसे 'लड़क' + 'पन' = लड़कपन। यह कृत् और तद्धित दो प्रकार का होता है।

एक ही अर्थ देने वाले अनेक शब्दों को पर्यायवाची या समानार्थी कहते हैं, जैसे सूर्य के लिए दिनकर, भास्कर, रवि। यह प्रश्न शब्द-भंडार की परख करता है।

जिन शब्दों के अर्थ एक-दूसरे के विपरीत होते हैं, उन्हें विलोम या विपरीतार्थक शब्द कहते हैं, जैसे दिन-रात और सुख-दुःख। यह शब्दावली का महत्वपूर्ण अंग है।

वह वाक्यांश जो अपने शब्दों के सामान्य अर्थ से भिन्न लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है, जैसे 'आँख का तारा' का अर्थ अत्यंत प्रिय। वाक्य में प्रयोग का प्रश्न भी पूछा जाता है।

जन-जीवन के अनुभव पर आधारित पूर्ण वाक्य जो कोई सूक्ति या कहावत प्रकट करता है, जैसे 'अंधों में काना राजा'। इसे कहावत भी कहते हैं और यह मुहावरे से भिन्न है।

जिन शब्दों के प्रसंग के अनुसार एक से अधिक अर्थ होते हैं, उन्हें अनेकार्थी कहते हैं, जैसे 'कनक' का अर्थ सोना और धतूरा दोनों है। प्रसंग से अर्थ तय किया जाता है।

System software that manages hardware, memory, files and programs, and provides a user interface. Examples include Windows, Linux and macOS; it is the first software loaded when a computer starts.

A key combination that performs a command quickly without menus, such as Ctrl+C to copy or Ctrl+P to print. Knowledge of standard shortcuts is directly tested in computer awareness papers.

The suffix after the dot in a file name that indicates its format, such as .docx, .xlsx, .jpg or .pdf. It tells the operating system which application should open the file.