Operational Procedures and Navigation Regulations
Flight rules and airspace
Know the differences between IFR and VFR, the semicircular rule for flight levels, and the meaning of controlled, uncontrolled and special-use airspace. Understand the transition altitude/level and the rules for setting the altimeter.
Navigation regulations
Understand the requirements for navigation equipment, MEL, and the operational approval for RNAV/RNP, PBN and GNSS approaches. Know the meaning of RNP AR, LNAV/VNAV and LPV minima. Trap: assuming a GPS stand-alone approach is precision - it is not unless it meets the required integrity and vertical guidance.
Procedures
Know the standard departure and arrival procedures, holding patterns (entry types: direct, parallel, teardrop), and the rules for position reporting. Understand the emergency procedures: lost communication, minimum fuel and mayday fuel.
Documentation
Know the operational flight plan, load sheet, and the requirement to carry charts and documents. Understand the role of ATC clearances and readback requirements.
Rule of thumb: For holding entry, compare the inbound track with the holding radial: within 70° → direct; 70–110° → parallel or teardrop depending on side.