DRDO CEPTAM STA-B key terms

A reasoning question that asks you to identify the relationship between one pair of items and apply the same relationship to a second pair, choosing the option that completes it consistently.

A form of deductive reasoning where two or more premises are given and you decide which conclusions follow logically from them, regardless of whether the statements are true in real life.

A reasoning problem that describes relationships among family members in words or symbols and asks you to work out how two named persons are related to each other.

A puzzle in which letters, words, or numbers are converted into a code using a fixed rule; you must detect the rule and either decode a given word or encode a new one.

A reasoning task involving a person moving through turns and distances; you trace the path on paper to find the final direction, straight-line distance, or displacement from the starting point.

A puzzle where people are placed around a circle or in a row under given conditions; you arrange them to answer questions about who sits next to or opposite whom.

A sequence of numbers follows a hidden pattern such as addition, multiplication, squares, or alternating operations; you identify the rule and supply the missing or wrong term.

A reasoning item giving one or more statements followed by conclusions; you judge whether each conclusion necessarily follows from the statements alone, without assuming extra facts.

A question about positions in a row, class, or queue, where you use clues about rank from either end to calculate total strength or a person's position.

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, including equality, speech, religion, and constitutional remedies, which courts can enforce against the state.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution that direct the state toward social and economic welfare; they are not directly enforceable in court but guide lawmaking and policy.

The system of local self-government in rural India created by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, with elected bodies at village, block, and district levels.

The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities; raising it generally makes loans costlier and cools inflation.

A sustained rise in the general price level of goods and services, which reduces the purchasing power of money and is usually measured through indices such as the consumer price index.

The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders during a given period, used as the main measure of economic size.

The supreme legislative body of India, consisting of the President and two houses, the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha, which together make national laws.

A way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100; for example, 25 percent means 25 out of every 100, and it is used to compare quantities of different sizes.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind by division, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal and lets you find an unknown term.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values; it represents a central value and is used in problems involving totals, replacements, and combined groups.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using the formula principal times rate times time divided by one hundred.

Interest calculated on the principal plus previously earned interest, so the amount grows faster than under simple interest over the same period.

A business arithmetic topic where profit or loss is found by comparing selling price with cost price, and is often expressed as a percentage of the cost price.

Problems about how long one or more workers take to finish a task, using the idea that a person's one-day work equals the reciprocal of the days they need.

The relationship that distance equals speed multiplied by time; questions involve trains, boats, or journeys and often require converting kilometres per hour to metres per second.

The branch of geometry dealing with measuring lengths, areas, and volumes of shapes and solids such as triangles, circles, cylinders, and spheres.

A number between zero and one expressing how likely an event is, calculated as the number of favourable outcomes divided by the total number of equally likely outcomes.

A set of questions based on a table, chart, or graph, where you read values, compute percentages, averages, or ratios, and choose the correct answer.

Three principles stating that a body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless a force acts, that force equals mass times acceleration, and that every action has an equal opposite reaction.

The current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it at constant temperature, giving the relation voltage equals current multiplied by resistance.

A scale from 0 to 14 measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, where 7 is neutral, values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are basic.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen, with chlorophyll in chloroplasts capturing the light energy.

A tabular arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number, where elements in the same vertical group share similar chemical properties.

The combining capacity of an element or radical, equal to the number of hydrogen atoms or electrons it can gain, lose, or share in a chemical bond.

A material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator, such as silicon or germanium, whose conductivity rises with temperature or doping.

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context, such as begin and start.

A word opposite in meaning to another word, such as hot and cold; questions ask you to pick the option that most nearly reverses the given word.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from the literal words, such as break the ice meaning to start a conversation.

Two ways of presenting a sentence: active voice makes the doer the subject, while passive voice makes the action or receiver the subject, often using a form of be with the past participle.

A word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to another word in the sentence, such as place, time, or direction, for example in, on, and at.

A grammar question where a sentence is divided into parts and you identify the part containing a grammatical error in tense, agreement, preposition, or word form.