EMRS TGT flashcards

30 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Bloom's Revised Taxonomy

A hierarchy of cognitive objectives: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create. Lower levels test recall and comprehension; higher levels demand transfer, judgement and original production.

Formative assessment

Assessment conducted during teaching to give feedback and adjust instruction. It is low-stakes and diagnostic in purpose, contrasted with summative assessment that grades learning at the end of a unit.

Summative assessment

Assessment administered at the end of a course or unit to certify achievement and assign grades. It judges the product of learning rather than guiding the process of learning.

Validity versus reliability

Validity means a test measures what it claims to measure; reliability means it produces consistent scores across occasions or raters. A test can be reliable yet invalid if it consistently measures the wrong construct.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance. Scaffolding within this zone enables progress that independent work cannot.

Piaget's concrete operational stage

Roughly ages 7 to 11, when children master conservation, classification and reversibility using concrete objects. Abstract hypothetical reasoning generally emerges later, in the formal operational stage.

LSRW skills

Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing, the four language skills. Listening and speaking are oral and typically acquired first; reading and writing are literate skills requiring explicit instruction.

Communicative language teaching

An approach prioritising meaningful use of language over isolated grammar drills. Lessons centre on real communication tasks, with grammar taught in context to support fluency rather than as an end.

Concrete to pictorial to abstract

A mathematics teaching sequence moving from manipulatives, to diagrams and representations, to symbolic notation. It supports understanding of operations before memorised procedures are introduced.

Fair test in science

An experiment in which only one variable is changed while all others are held constant. Comparing results then allows a causal conclusion about the manipulated variable.

Primary versus secondary source

A primary source originates in the period studied, such as a contemporary letter or inscription. A secondary source interprets such evidence later, for example a modern history textbook.

Dewey Decimal Classification

A library classification scheme dividing knowledge into ten main classes numbered 000 to 900, further subdivided by decimal notation. It groups books by subject on the shelf.

Health-related fitness components

Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition. These are distinguished from skill-related components such as speed, agility, balance and reaction time.

Algorithm and flowchart

An algorithm is a finite ordered set of steps solving a problem; a flowchart represents it graphically using standard symbols for start, input, process, decision and output.

Elements of art

Line, shape, form, colour, value, texture and space, the basic visual components artists manipulate. Principles such as balance, rhythm and emphasis describe how these elements are organised.

Diagnostic assessment

Assessment used before or early in instruction to identify specific learning gaps and misconceptions. It informs planning rather than assigning grades, and typically precedes remedial teaching.

Criterion-referenced test

A test interpreting performance against a fixed standard or learning objective, not against other students. A learner passes by meeting the criterion regardless of the group's average.

Simple and compound interest

Simple interest is P x R x T/100, computed only on principal. Compound interest is P(1 + R/100)^T minus P, computed on principal plus accumulated interest, so it exceeds simple interest for T greater than one.

Percentage change formula

Percentage change equals (new value minus old value) divided by old value, multiplied by 100. A negative result indicates decrease; the denominator is always the original value.

Alligation rule

For mixing two components at given prices to obtain a mean price, the ratio of quantities is (dearer minus mean) to (mean minus cheaper). It solves mixture and partnership problems quickly.

Work and time rate rule

If A finishes work in a days and B in b days, their combined one-day rate is 1/a + 1/b, so together they take ab/(a + b) days when working simultaneously.

Relative speed

For bodies moving in opposite directions, relative speed is the sum of speeds; in the same direction it is the difference. Time to meet equals separation divided by relative speed.

Letter position coding

In coding-decoding, letters are numbered A=1 to Z=26, or reverse A=26 to Z=1. Test the shift applied at each position separately before assuming a single whole-word rule.

Syllogism validity rule

A conclusion follows only if it is true in every possible Venn diagram consistent with the premises. A single counter-diagram where it fails makes the conclusion invalid.

Direction sense displacement

After successive movements, net displacement is found by drawing the path and applying Pythagoras to perpendicular components. Left and right turns are taken relative to current facing.

Pie chart angle conversion

Each sector's central angle equals its share of the total multiplied by 360 degrees. Conversely, an angle divided by 360 gives the sector's fraction of the whole.

Average of grouped data

For grouped data, multiply each class midpoint by its frequency, sum these products, and divide by total frequency. The midpoint approximates all values within that class interval.

Fundamental Rights

Rights guaranteed in Part III of the Indian Constitution, including equality, freedom, protection against exploitation, religion, cultural and educational rights, and constitutional remedies. They are enforceable through writs.

Negative marking strategy

When wrong answers carry a penalty, expected score falls for low-confidence guesses. Attempting only items where elimination leaves one plausible option maximises expected marks.

Ratio proportion cross rule

If a is to b as c is to d, then the product of extremes equals the product of means: ad = bc. This rule underlies scaling, partnership shares and similar-figure problems.