FMGE flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Brachial plexus roots

The brachial plexus is formed by ventral rami of C5 through T1. Erb palsy affects C5-C6 and produces waiter's tip posture; Klumpke palsy affects C8-T1 and produces claw hand.

Glomerular filtration rate

GFR is approximately 125 mL/min in a healthy adult and equals the filtration coefficient times net filtration pressure. It is estimated clinically using creatinine-based equations.

Competitive inhibition kinetics

A competitive inhibitor binds the active site, increasing apparent Km while Vmax remains unchanged because high substrate can outcompete the inhibitor. Non-competitive inhibitors lower Vmax.

Fetal hemoglobin affinity

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has higher oxygen affinity than adult hemoglobin because gamma chains bind less 2,3-BPG, shifting the oxygen dissociation curve left and aiding placental oxygen uptake.

Apoptosis versus necrosis

Apoptosis is programmed, energy-dependent cell death without inflammation, mediated by caspases. Necrosis is passive injury with membrane rupture and surrounding inflammation.

Virchow triad

Virchow triad describes three factors predisposing to thrombosis: endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow such as stasis or turbulence, and hypercoagulability of the blood.

Knudson two-hit hypothesis

Tumor suppressor genes such as RB and APC require inactivation of both alleles for tumor formation. In hereditary retinoblastoma one mutation is inherited and the second is somatic.

Nephrotic syndrome features

Nephrotic syndrome consists of proteinuria above 3.5 g per day, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia. Nephritic syndrome instead shows hematuria and RBC casts.

Volume of distribution

Volume of distribution equals dose divided by plasma concentration. A large value indicates extensive tissue distribution; a small value suggests confinement to plasma.

Zero-order kinetics drugs

Zero-order kinetics means a constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time because enzymes are saturated. Examples include ethanol, phenytoin at high dose, and high-dose aspirin.

CYP450 inducers

Common cytochrome P450 inducers are rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and St John's wort. They reduce plasma levels of co-administered drugs metabolized by these enzymes.

Atropine in organophosphate poisoning

Atropine blocks muscarinic effects of excess acetylcholine, reversing bradycardia, bronchorrhea, and salivation. Pralidoxime reactivates acetylcholinesterase if given before enzyme aging.

Staphylococcus aureus identification

Staphylococcus aureus appears as Gram-positive cocci in clusters, is catalase positive, and is distinguished from other staphylococci by coagulase positivity.

Hepatitis B serology markers

HBsAg indicates current infection, anti-HBs indicates immunity, HBeAg indicates high infectivity, and anti-HBc IgM indicates acute infection. Anti-HBc IgG persists after resolution.

Autoclave sterilization parameters

Autoclaving uses saturated steam at 121 degrees Celsius and 15 psi pressure for 15 to 20 minutes. It reliably kills spores and is used for heat-stable surgical instruments.

Dengue diagnostic tests

Dengue NS1 antigen is detectable in the first five days of illness, while IgM antibody appears after day five. Thrombocytopenia with hemoconcentration suggests plasma leakage.

Rigor mortis timing

Rigor mortis starts in small muscles of the face and neck within one to two hours of death, spreads downward, and resolves after 24 to 36 hours depending on temperature.

Carbon monoxide poisoning signs

Carbon monoxide binds hemoglobin with high affinity, causing cherry-red lividity and carboxyhemoglobinemia. Treatment is 100% oxygen, with hyperbaric oxygen for severe poisoning.

Methanol poisoning features

Methanol poisoning causes high anion gap metabolic acidosis with visual loss and an elevated osmolal gap. Treat with fomepizole or ethanol and consider hemodialysis.

Lead poisoning manifestations

Lead poisoning causes Burton line on gums, wrist drop from peripheral neuropathy, basophilic stippling, and microcytic anemia. Chelation uses calcium disodium EDTA or dimercaprol.

Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity is true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives. Specificity is true negatives divided by true negatives plus false positives. Screening favors high sensitivity.

Prevalence and incidence relation

Prevalence equals incidence multiplied by average disease duration when the disease is stable. Incidence counts new cases, while prevalence counts all existing cases.

Cold chain vaccine storage

Most vaccines are stored at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius. Freeze-sensitive vaccines include DPT, hepatitis B, and tetanus toxoid; OPV and measles vaccine are heat-sensitive.

Herd immunity threshold

The herd immunity threshold is approximately 1 minus 1 divided by R0. Measles with high R0 requires about 95 percent coverage, whereas polio requires roughly 80 to 85 percent.

Diabetic ketoacidosis management

DKA presents with hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Treat with intravenous fluids, insulin infusion, and potassium replacement once potassium is adequate.

Chronic kidney disease stages

CKD is staged by eGFR: stage 1 at 90 or above, stage 2 at 60 to 89, stage 3 at 30 to 59, stage 4 at 15 to 29, and stage 5 below 15 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Anemia of chronic disease

Anemia of chronic disease shows low serum iron, low total iron binding capacity, and normal or high ferritin. Iron deficiency instead shows low ferritin and high TIBC.

Parkland burn formula

The Parkland formula gives 4 mL of Ringer lactate per kilogram body weight per percent total body surface area burned in 24 hours, with half given in the first 8 hours.

Inguinal hernia anatomy

An indirect inguinal hernia passes through the deep inguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels. A direct hernia protrudes medial to those vessels through Hesselbach triangle.

Naegele rule

The estimated date of delivery is calculated by adding 7 days to the first day of the last menstrual period and subtracting 3 months, adjusting for cycle length.

Postpartum hemorrhage causes

The most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage is uterine atony. Management includes uterine massage, oxytocin, ergometrine, carboprost, and surgical or mechanical measures.

Neonatal resuscitation steps

Newborn resuscitation begins with warmth, drying, and stimulation. Positive pressure ventilation is given for apnea or heart rate below 100, and compressions if heart rate stays below 60.