Gujarat Talati-cum-Mantri cheat sheet

સંધિ: બે શબ્દો વચ્ચેનો અંતર દૂર કરનારી ક્રિયા; સ્વર સંધિ (અ, આ, ઇ, ઈ, ઉ, ઊ, એ, ઐ, ઓ, ઔ) અને વ્યંજન સંધિમાં 'અ' આગળ 'મ્' વિલીન થાય (સત્ + જન = સજ્જન).

સમાસ: બે કે વધુ શબ્દોનો એક પદ બનવો; દ્વંદ્વ (રામ-લક્ષ્મણ), તત્પુરુષ (રાજપુત્ર), કર્મધારય (નીલકમળ), દ્વિગુ (ત્રિભુવન), બહુવ્રીહિ (દશાનન = દશ મુખવાળો) એ મુખ્ય પ્રકાર.

સંજ્ઞાના પ્રકાર: વ્યક્તિવાચક (ગાંધીજી), જાતિવાચક (ગાય), ભાવવાચક (મીઠાશ), સમૂહવાચક (સેના), દ્રવ્યવાચક (સોનું).

ક્રિયાપદના કાળ: વર્તમાન (કરે છે), ભૂતકાળ (કર્યું), ભવિષ્યકાળ (કરશે); સકર્મક ક્રિયાપદને કર્મ હોય છે, અકર્મકને નહીં.

વાક્યના પ્રકાર: વિધાનાર્થક, પ્રશ્નાર્થક, આજ્ઞાર્થક, ઉદ્ગારાર્થક; આજ્ઞાર્થકમાં કર્તા ગુપ્ત રહે (જા, બેસ).

અલંકાર: ઉપમા (ચંદ્ર જેવું મુખ), રૂપક (મુખ ચંદ્ર છે), ઉત્પ્રેક્ષા (જાણે ચંદ્ર હસે), અતિશયોક્તિ, શ્લેષ, યમક, અનુપ્રાસ.

છંદ: અક્ષરગણના આધારે માત્રા છંદ (આર્યા, ભુજંગપ્રયાત), અક્ષરછંદ (અનુષ્ટુપ, શાર્દૂલવિક્રીડિત); ગુરુ અક્ષર ૨ માત્રા, લઘુ ૧ માત્રા.

શબ્દભેદ: નામ, સર્વનામ, વિશેષણ, ક્રિયાપદ, ક્રિયાવિશેષણ, ઉપસર્ગ, નિપાત, અવ્યય એ આઠ જાતિઓ.

જોડણી નિયમ: પૂર્વ પદમાં 'અ' સ્વર હોય તો પછીના 'અ' નો લોપ (હિમ + આલય = હિમાલય); સંસ્કૃત તત્સમ શબ્દોમાં મૂળ જોડણી જળવાય.

Tense agreement: present perfect (has/have + past participle) for past action with present relevance; simple past with definite past time markers (yesterday, in 1990).

Subject-verb agreement: each, every, either, neither, anyone, nobody take singular verbs; 'none of' may take singular or plural but singular in formal usage.

Articles: 'a/an' with singular countable nouns (an before vowel sound), 'the' for unique/specific nouns and superlatives; no article before proper names or uncountables in general sense.

Voice: active to passive shifts object to subject and uses be + past participle; only transitive verbs passivize (They built the bridge → The bridge was built).

Direct to indirect speech: present tense becomes past, 'this' becomes 'that', 'today' becomes 'that day'; questions use if/whether or the wh-word with statement order.

Conditionals: first (if + present, will + V1), second (if + past, would + V1), third (if + had + V3, would have + V3).

Prepositions of time: in for months/years, on for days/dates, at for clock times; since with a point of time, for with a duration.

Common error pairs: affect (verb) vs effect (noun), its (possessive) vs it's (it is), lie (recline) vs lay (place).

Modals: must (strong obligation), should (advice), can (ability), may (permission/possibility), might (weak possibility); modal + bare infinitive.

Gujarat was formed on 1 May 1960 by splitting the erstwhile Bombay State; its capital is Gandhinagar and the High Court sits at Ahmedabad.

Gujarat borders Pakistan to the north-west, Rajasthan to the north-east, Madhya Pradesh to the east, Maharashtra to the south-east, and the Arabian Sea to the west.

Gujarat's districts number 33; major rivers are Narmada, Tapi, Sabarmati, Mahi, and Banas; the Narmada flows through the Sardar Sarovar project.

Statue of Unity at Kevadia (Narmada district) is 182 metres tall and depicts Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel; it was inaugurated on 31 October 2018.

Gir National Park in Junagadh district is the only natural habitat of the Asiatic lion; Ranthambore (Rajasthan) and Kaziranga (Assam) are tiger and rhino habitats respectively.

Constitutional posts: President is head of state, Prime Minister is head of government, Chief Justice heads the Supreme Court; the Election Commission conducts Lok Sabha and Assembly polls.

Key national institutions: RBI (central bank, Mumbai), SEBI (securities regulator), NITI Aayog (policy think tank), ISRO (space, Bengaluru).

Current-affairs anchors to verify at exam time: Union Budget presented on 1 February, Republic Day 26 January, Independence Day 15 August, and the theme of the year's national observance.

The Constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12-35); Article 14 equality before law, Article 19 six freedoms, Article 21 life and personal liberty, Article 32 writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Directive Principles of State Policy are in Part IV (Articles 36-51) and are non-justiciable; Fundamental Duties are in Part IVA (Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976).

The President is elected by an electoral college under Article 54; the Vice-President is elected by both Houses of Parliament; the President can be impeached under Article 61.

Parliament consists of the President, Rajya Sabha (max 250) and Lok Sabha (max 552); Money Bills originate only in the Lok Sabha under Article 110.

The Supreme Court's advisory jurisdiction is under Article 143; its appellate jurisdiction under Articles 132-134; Article 141 makes its decisions binding on all courts.

Panchayats are a State subject (Entry 5, State List); the 73rd Amendment (1992) added Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule with 29 subjects.

Emergency provisions: Article 352 national emergency, Article 356 President's rule in a State, Article 360 financial emergency.

Amendment procedure: Article 368 provides simple majority, special majority, and special majority plus ratification by half the States for federal provisions.

Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993 (amended 1961 Act) governs the three-tier structure: Gram Panchayat at village level, Taluka Panchayat at block level, District Panchayat at district level.

Gram Panchayat members are directly elected by Gram Sabha voters; the Sarpanch is elected directly by the voters; the term of office is five years.

Taluka and District Panchayat members are elected by an electoral college of Gram Panchayat members; the President and Vice-President are elected from among the members.

Gram Sabha consists of all registered voters of the village; it must meet at least four times a year and approves the annual budget and beneficiary lists.

The District Development Officer (DDO) is the administrative head at district level and the Mamlatdar supervises taluka-level revenue and panchayat coordination.

Gujarat has 33 districts, about 250 talukas and more than 14,000 Gram Panchayats; the number changes with reorganization notifications.

Reservation in panchayats follows the 73rd Amendment: seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in proportion to population, and not less than one-third for women.

State Election Commission conducts panchayat elections; the Gujarat Panchayat Service Selection Board recruits panchayat staff; the Commissioner of Panchayats is the state-level head.

Land revenue administration in Gujarat is governed by the Gujarat Land Revenue Code, 1879; the Collector heads the district revenue administration.

Hierarchy: Collector → Prant Officer/Sub-Divisional Magistrate → Mamlatdar (taluka) → Talati-cum-Mantri (village).

The Talati-cum-Mantri maintains the VF-7 village form (record of rights), VF-6 (land register), VF-8 (crop register) and VF-2 (notice of mutation).

Mutation entries (ferfar) are made under Section 135D of the Land Revenue Code; the Mamlatdar certifies entries after notice to interested parties.

7/12 extract combines VF-7 (rights) and VF-12 (crop) and is the primary proof of land ownership and cultivation in Gujarat.

Land categories: Khata (survey number), Inam, Gauchar (grazing), Kharaba (uncultivable), and new tenure vs old tenure restrictions on transfer.

The Gujarat Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 restricts transfers to non-agriculturists and governs the rights of tenants and deemed purchasers.

NA (Non-Agricultural) permission is required to use agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes; premium and conversion charges apply.

Percentage change = (new − old)/old × 100; successive changes of a% and b% give net change a + b + ab/100.

Simple interest = P × R × T / 100; compound interest = P[(1 + R/100)^T − 1]; for two years CI exceeds SI by P(R/100)².

Profit and loss: profit% = profit/CP × 100; selling price = CP × (100 + profit%)/100; discount is always calculated on marked price.

Speed, time, distance: distance = speed × time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18; relative speed adds for opposite directions and subtracts for same direction.

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; if every value is increased by k, the average increases by k.

Work and time: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days; efficiency is inversely proportional to time.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; to divide amount N in ratio a:b:c, shares are N × a/(a+b+c) etc.

Mensuration: area of circle = πr², circumference = 2πr; area of triangle = ½ × base × height; volume of cylinder = πr²h.

LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers; divisibility by 3 and 9 depends on digit sum, by 4 on the last two digits, by 11 on alternating digit sum.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes; alternating series often split into two interleaved sequences.

Letter series: use A = 1 to Z = 26; opposite letter pairs sum to 27 (A-Z, B-Y, C-X); EJOTY gives positions 5, 10, 15, 20, 25.

Coding-decoding: identify shift (+n or −n), reversal, or substitution; verify the rule on every pair before applying it to the question word.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; vertical line for parent-child, horizontal for siblings/spouse; 'maternal' refers to the mother's side, 'paternal' to the father's side.

Direction sense: fix north up; a left turn from north faces west, a right turn from north faces east; net displacement uses Pythagoras when turns are 90°.

Syllogism: use Venn diagrams; 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; conclusions with 'some' or 'no' must hold in every possible diagram.

Seating arrangement: for a circle, facing centre means left is clockwise; facing outward means left is anticlockwise; fix one person to break rotational symmetry.

Calendar: an ordinary year shifts the day of the week by 1, a leap year by 2; a century has 5 odd days if divisible by 400, otherwise 0 or 6.

Clock: minute hand gains 5.5° per minute on the hour hand; hands coincide every 65 5/11 minutes and are opposite every 65 5/11 minutes after the first overlap.