GUJCET key terms

Motion of an object thrown into the air that moves only under gravity after launch, following a curved path; horizontal and vertical motions are analysed separately.

States that the net work done on a body equals its change in kinetic energy, letting force problems be solved by tracking energy instead of acceleration.

Minimum speed an object needs at a planet's surface to leave its gravity permanently without further propulsion; for Earth it is about 11.2 kilometres per second.

Emission of electrons from a metal surface when light of sufficiently high frequency strikes it; the effect shows that light delivers energy in discrete quanta.

Complete reflection of light back into a denser medium when it strikes a boundary beyond the critical angle, used in optical fibres and prisms.

Two circuit rules: the junction rule says current entering a node equals current leaving, and the loop rule says voltage changes around a closed loop sum to zero.

Measure of a body's resistance to change in rotational motion, depending on its mass and on how that mass is distributed about the axis.

Change in the observed frequency of a wave when source and observer move relative to each other, heard as a higher or lower pitch.

Adding small amounts of impurity atoms to a pure semiconductor to increase its conductivity and create n-type or p-type material.

Relationship stating that one mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles and has a mass in grams equal to its formula mass.

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by changes in concentration, pressure or temperature, it shifts in the direction that partly opposes the change.

Model explaining molecular shapes in which atomic orbitals of similar energy mix to form equivalent new orbitals with definite geometry and bonding properties.

Voltage developed at an electrode relative to a standard hydrogen electrode, indicating the tendency of a half-cell to lose or gain electrons.

For ideal solutions, the partial vapour pressure of each component equals its mole fraction multiplied by the vapour pressure of the pure component.

In addition of a hydrogen halide to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen adds to the carbon bearing more hydrogens, giving the more stable carbocation intermediate.

Property of planar, cyclic, conjugated systems with (4n+2) pi electrons that makes them unusually stable and gives characteristic substitution reactions.

Number of donor atoms directly bonded to the central metal ion in a complex, determining its geometry such as octahedral or tetrahedral.

Product of hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations in water, equal to about 10^-14 at 25 degrees Celsius and used to find pH.

Thermodynamic measure of disorder or energy dispersal in a system; spontaneous processes tend to increase the total entropy of the universe.

A number computed from a square matrix that tells whether the matrix is invertible and gives the area or volume scaling of the transformation.

If a function is continuous on a closed interval, differentiable inside it, and equal at both endpoints, then its derivative is zero somewhere inside.

Technique that rewrites the integral of a product using the product rule, choosing one factor to differentiate and the other to integrate.

Number obtained by changing the sign of the imaginary part; multiplying a complex number by its conjugate gives a real value equal to the squared modulus.

Probability distribution of the number of successes in a fixed number of independent trials, each with the same probability of success.

Scalar obtained from two vectors by multiplying corresponding components and adding, equal to the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of the angle between them.

Arrangement of objects in a definite order, where changing the order gives a different arrangement, as opposed to a combination where order does not matter.

Property of a function whose value at a point equals its limit there, so that its graph has no break or jump at that point.

Matrix that multiplies a given square matrix to give the identity matrix; it exists only when the determinant is nonzero.

Cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number, used for growth and repair in body tissues.

Process in which RNA polymerase copies a DNA strand into messenger RNA, which then carries the code to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Mendel's principle that the two alleles of a gene separate during gamete formation, so each gamete carries only one allele.

Stage of photosynthesis in the thylakoid membranes where light energy splits water, releases oxygen and produces ATP and NADPH.

Bacterial protein that cuts DNA at specific recognition sequences, used in genetic engineering to insert or analyse gene fragments.

Control of water and solute balance in body fluids so that cells neither swell nor shrink excessively, carried out largely by the kidneys.

Diagram showing the amount of energy, biomass or numbers at each trophic level, usually narrowing upward because energy is lost at each transfer.

Tendency of genes located close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together, reducing the proportion of recombinant offspring.

Maintenance of a stable internal environment, such as temperature and blood glucose, through negative feedback adjustments by the body.