Haryana Police Constable key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, enforceable in court. They cover equality, speech, religion, and life, and cannot be removed by ordinary law.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution directing governments to promote welfare, employment, and social justice. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental to governance and law-making.

A formal application asking a High Court or the Supreme Court to order a public authority to act or stop acting. Common writs include habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo warranto.

The power of courts to examine laws and government actions and declare them invalid if they violate the Constitution. It protects constitutional supremacy and is exercised by the Supreme Court and High Courts.

The principle that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in a way that destroys its essential features, such as democracy, federalism, and judicial review. It was established in the Kesavananda Bharati case in 1973.

A form of logical reasoning where two or more premises lead to a conclusion. In exams, candidates judge whether the conclusion follows necessarily from statements treated as true, regardless of real-world facts.

A visual technique for solving syllogism questions by drawing circles for each category and checking whether the conclusion holds in every possible arrangement. It reduces errors in possibility-based questions.

An unstated idea that must be true for an argument or statement to make sense. In reasoning questions, candidates identify the hidden premise that supports the given conclusion.

A practical step proposed after a problem statement. In reasoning questions, the correct action must be feasible, relevant, and likely to reduce the problem rather than worsen it.

A puzzle where people or objects are placed in rows, circles, or lines while satisfying given conditions about positions and neighbours. Candidates use elimination and fixed-point clues to solve it.

A reasoning topic where family relationships are described through statements or symbols, and candidates determine how two people are related. Drawing a family tree prevents confusion.

A reasoning topic involving movement in north, south, east, and west directions, often with turns. Candidates find the final position, distance, or facing direction using diagrams.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule such as addition, multiplication, squares, or alternating patterns. Candidates identify the rule to find the missing or wrong term.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, used to compare quantities and calculate increase or decrease. Many aptitude problems convert percentages into fractions to simplify calculation.

Commercial arithmetic where profit or loss equals selling price minus cost price, usually expressed as a percentage of cost price. Discounts are calculated on the marked price.

Interest calculated only on the original principal using the formula P × R × T ÷ 100. It does not earn interest on previously accumulated interest, unlike compound interest.

Interest calculated on both the principal and previously earned interest, so the amount grows faster each period. The formula is P(1 + R/100)^T minus principal.

The sum of all values divided by the number of values. In aptitude questions it is used for ages, speeds, and scores, and changes in average reveal missing values.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal. These concepts solve mixture, partnership, and scaling problems quickly.

A quantitative topic where the rate of work is the reciprocal of the time taken. Combined rates add up, allowing calculation of how long two or more workers need together.

The relationship that distance equals speed multiplied by time. Problems often involve trains, boats, and relative speed, where speeds add when moving in opposite directions.

The smallest structural and functional unit of life, bounded by a membrane and containing cytoplasm and genetic material. Cells divide to form new cells and carry out all life processes.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen. Chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbs light energy for this reaction.

Membrane-bound cell organelles that produce energy in the form of ATP through respiration. They are called the powerhouse of the cell and contain their own DNA.

Three laws describing how objects move: inertia without force, force equals mass times acceleration, and equal and opposite reaction. They explain everyday motion and collisions.

The product of an object's mass and velocity, a vector quantity measured in kilogram metres per second. Total momentum is conserved in collisions when no external force acts.

A scale from 0 to 14 measuring acidity or alkalinity based on hydrogen ion concentration. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic.

Acids donate hydrogen ions and taste sour, while bases accept them and feel soapy. Their reaction, called neutralisation, produces salt and water and is common in daily life.

System software that manages hardware, memory, files, and programs, and provides a user interface. Examples include Windows, Linux, and Android; it lets applications run safely.

RAM is volatile working memory that loses data when power is off, while ROM is non-volatile memory storing permanent startup instructions. RAM is larger and faster than ROM.

Input devices such as keyboards and scanners send data into a computer, while output devices such as monitors and printers present results. Some devices, like touchscreens, do both.

Keyboard combinations that perform commands quickly, such as Ctrl+C to copy and Ctrl+V to paste. Learning common shortcuts improves speed in computer-based tests and daily work.

Nutrient-rich coarse grains such as bajra, jowar, ragi, and bajra-based crops grown in dry regions. Haryana promotes millets for sustainable farming and better nutrition.

Agricultural cycles in India: kharif crops are sown with monsoon rains, rabi crops in winter, and zaid in summer. Haryana grows wheat mainly in rabi and paddy in kharif.

An annual crafts fair held at Surajkund near Faridabad, Haryana, showcasing Indian and international handicrafts, folk art, and culture. It usually runs in February and attracts many visitors.

दो वर्णों के मेल से उत्पन्न परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। हिंदी व्याकरण में स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि इसके प्रमुख भेद हैं।

दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। तत्पुरुष, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि आदि इसके भेद हैं।

उपसर्ग शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर अर्थ बदलता है, जैसे प्र + हार = प्रहार। प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़ता है, जैसे लड़क + पन = लड़कपन।

The grammatical rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, as in 'She writes' versus 'They write'. Singular subjects take singular verbs, and collective nouns usually take singular verbs.

Voice shows whether the subject performs or receives the action. In active voice the subject acts; in passive voice the object becomes the subject with a past participle and helping verb.

Direct speech quotes a speaker's exact words in quotation marks, while indirect speech reports them without quotes and adjusts pronouns, tense, and time words accordingly.

A word placed before a noun or pronoun to show place, time, direction, or relationship, such as in, on, at, and between. Correct preposition use is often tested in fill-in-the-blank items.