HPU B.Ed Entrance flashcards
HPU B.Ed Entrance · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Himachal Pradesh statehood date
- Himachal Pradesh became a full state on 25 January 1971 under the Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970. Before that it was a Union Territory from 1956 and a Chief Commissioner's Province from 1948.
- Winter capital of Himachal
- Dharamshala is the winter capital of Himachal Pradesh, while Shimla is the summer capital. The state government declared Dharamshala the winter capital in 2017.
- Western Tragopan
- The Western Tragopan, locally called jujurana, is the state bird of Himachal Pradesh. It is a threatened pheasant found in high-altitude forests of the western Himalayas.
- Great Himalayan National Park
- The Great Himalayan National Park in Kullu district was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014 for its outstanding Himalayan biodiversity, including alpine meadows and rare fauna.
- Atal Tunnel
- The Atal Tunnel is a 9.02 km highway tunnel under Rohtang Pass, inaugurated in 2020. It connects Manali with Lahaul and is among the world's longest tunnels above 10,000 feet.
- Sutlej River
- The Sutlej is the longest river flowing through Himachal Pradesh. It rises near Mansarovar in Tibet and enters India at Shipki La on the Himachal–Tibet border.
- Pin Valley National Park
- Pin Valley National Park lies in the cold desert of Lahaul and Spiti district. It is known for snow leopard, Himalayan ibex, and high-altitude medicinal plants.
- Kalka–Shimla Railway
- The Kalka–Shimla Railway, opened in 1903, is a 96 km narrow-gauge line. It became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 as part of the Mountain Railways of India.
- Himachal legislature seats
- Himachal Pradesh has 68 seats in its Legislative Assembly, 3 seats in the Lok Sabha, and 3 seats in the Rajya Sabha.
- One of + plural noun
- In the pattern 'one of + plural noun', the verb is singular because the subject is 'one': 'One of the boys is absent.' This is a common subject–verb agreement rule.
- Present perfect vs simple past
- Use present perfect (has/have + past participle) for a past action with present relevance and no definite past time. Use simple past with definite past time markers such as yesterday or in 2010.
- Active to passive rule
- To change active to passive, make the object the subject, use the correct form of 'be' plus past participle, and add the original subject after 'by' if needed.
- Since vs for
- Use 'since' with a starting point of time (since 2015) and 'for' with a duration (for three years). Both are common with present perfect tenses.
- Articles a vs an
- Choose 'a' or 'an' by sound, not spelling: 'an hour' (vowel sound), 'a university' (consonant sound). Use 'the' for unique nouns, superlatives, and previously mentioned things.
- Indirect speech tense shift
- In indirect speech, if the reporting verb is past, shift the reported verb one tense back. Change pronouns according to speaker and listener; universal truths keep the present tense.
- Senior, junior, superior, prefer
- Adjectives such as senior, junior, superior, inferior, and prior take 'to', not 'than': 'She is senior to me.' The verb 'prefer' also takes 'to'.
- Idiom meaning
- An idiom carries a figurative meaning: 'break the ice' means to start a conversation, not to break frozen water. Idiom questions test the conventional meaning, not literal words.
- संधि
- दो वर्णों के मेल से होने वाले विकार को संधि कहते हैं। संधि के तीन प्रकार हैं-स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि।
- दीर्घ संधि
- जब दो ह्रस्व या दीर्घ स्वर मिलकर दीर्घ स्वर बनते हैं, तो उसे दीर्घ संधि कहते हैं। उदाहरण: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय।
- तत्पुरुष समास
- तत्पुरुष समास में अंतिम पद प्रधान होता है और पूर्व पद की विभक्ति लुप्त रहती है। उदाहरण: राजपुत्र का अर्थ 'राजा का पुत्र' है।
- अनुप्रास अलंकार
- अनुप्रास अलंकार में एक ही वर्ण की आवृत्ति से चमत्कार उत्पन्न होता है। उदाहरण: 'चारु चंद्र चकोर' में 'च' वर्ण की आवृत्ति है।
- नौ रस
- हिंदी काव्य में नौ रस माने गए हैं: श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत और शांत। रस का अर्थ भाव-चमत्कार है।
- वाक्य के अंग
- वाक्य के दो मुख्य अंग होते हैं-उद्देश्य और विधेय। उद्देश्य वह होता है जिसके बारे में कहा जाए, और विधेय वह कथन जो उसके बारे में कहा जाए।
- मुहावरे का अर्थ
- मुहावरे का अर्थ लक्षणिक या आलंकारिक होता है, शब्दशः नहीं। जैसे 'नौ दो ग्यारह होना' का अर्थ भाग जाना है।
- Piaget's concrete operational stage
- Piaget's concrete operational stage spans about 7 to 11 years. Children master conservation, classification, and seriation, but reasoning is limited to concrete objects rather than abstract hypotheses.
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance. Teachers support it through scaffolding, then withdraw help gradually.
- Bloom's revised taxonomy
- Bloom's revised taxonomy orders cognitive objectives as Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create. It helps teachers frame questions from simple recall to higher-order thinking.
- Formative and summative assessment
- Formative assessment occurs during learning to give feedback and adjust teaching. Summative assessment occurs at the end of a unit or course to judge achievement and assign grades.
- Operant conditioning
- Skinner's operant conditioning explains learning through consequences. Reinforcement increases a behaviour, punishment decreases it; positive means adding a stimulus, negative means removing one.
- Average formula
- Average, or arithmetic mean, equals the sum of all observations divided by the number of observations. It is used to compare groups and solve speed, work, and marks problems.
- Direction sense strategy
- Draw a compass with north at the top. Track each turn relative to current facing, then compute net displacement; left and right are reversed when facing south.
- Syllogism all A are B
- From 'all A are B', it follows that some B are A, but no conclusion follows about all B being A. Use Venn diagrams to test each conclusion.