IBPS RRB IT Officer key terms

The share of a bank's net demand and time liabilities that must be parked as cash with the RBI. It earns no interest and is used to control liquidity in the banking system.

The minimum portion of net demand and time liabilities a bank must hold in liquid assets such as government securities, cash, or gold. Unlike CRR, these assets earn returns.

The rate at which the RBI lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities. Raising it typically tightens liquidity; cutting it supports easier credit conditions.

The rate at which the RBI absorbs surplus liquidity from banks by borrowing against securities. It usually sits below the repo rate and forms part of the liquidity adjustment corridor.

A six-member RBI body that sets the policy repo rate to meet the inflation target. It has three RBI members and three external members, and meets at least four times a year.

A bank's total demand and time deposits plus liabilities to others, minus balances held with other banks. It is the base on which CRR and SLR obligations are calculated.

A mandated share of bank credit directed to sectors such as agriculture, micro enterprises, education, housing, and weaker sections. Targets are set by the RBI and monitored regularly.

A credit facility giving farmers short-term working capital for crop production and related needs. It offers a revolving limit, simplified documentation, and interest subvention on prompt repayment.

A loan where interest or principal has remained overdue for more than 90 days. NPAs are classified as substandard, doubtful, or loss assets, and banks must provision for them.

A law allowing secured creditors to enforce security interests without court intervention after a loan defaults. Banks may take possession of and sell secured assets to recover dues.

A unified framework for resolving insolvency of companies and individuals through time-bound processes. The National Company Law Tribunal adjudicates corporate cases, with resolution professionals managing operations.

A mandatory process by which banks verify customer identity and address before opening accounts or allowing transactions. It helps prevent money laundering, fraud, and terrorist financing.

Laws and procedures that require financial institutions to detect and report suspicious transactions. Banks must maintain records, file reports to FIU-IND, and train staff on red flags.

A centralised repository of customer identity records maintained under CERSAI. Once a customer is registered, banks can retrieve the KYC record instead of repeating full verification.

An RBI-operated retail funds transfer system that settles transactions in batches. Transfers are available around the clock and are settled in half-hourly slots throughout the day.

A funds transfer system where each transaction is settled individually and in real time. It is used for high-value payments and has a minimum transfer threshold set by the RBI.

A 24x7 instant interbank funds transfer service operated by NPCI. It supports mobile, internet, and ATM channels and transfers funds immediately, including on holidays.

A real-time payment system enabling instant transfers between bank accounts using virtual payment addresses. It is operated by NPCI and supports person-to-person and person-to-merchant payments.

A bank-led payment service that uses Aadhaar authentication and a customer's bank name to withdraw cash or check balances. It is widely used for micro-ATM and financial inclusion transactions.

An individual or entity engaged by a bank to deliver financial services in areas without branches. They can open accounts, collect deposits, and disburse small loans on the bank's behalf.

Organising tables to reduce data redundancy and update anomalies by dividing attributes into related relations. Common forms include 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF, each adding stricter conditions.

An attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identifies each row in a table. It must be unique and cannot contain null values, and every table should have one.

A column whose values must match a primary key in another table, enforcing referential integrity. It prevents orphan rows and links related tables in a relational database.

Four guarantees for reliable database transactions: atomicity (all or nothing), consistency (valid state transitions), isolation (concurrent effects hidden), and durability (committed changes survive failures).

A situation where two or more processes each wait for a resource held by another, so none can proceed. Databases resolve it by detection and rollback or by prevention schemes.

The core protocol suite of the internet, combining reliable connection-oriented transport (TCP) with addressing and routing (IP). Applications like HTTP and email run over it.

A seven-layer reference model describing network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It helps explain how data moves between systems.

A numerical label assigned to each device on a network for identification and routing. IPv4 uses 32 bits, while IPv6 uses 128 bits to overcome address exhaustion.

A 32-bit number that separates the network portion of an IPv4 address from the host portion. It lets routers determine whether a destination lies on the local subnet.

A security device or software that filters network traffic using rules based on addresses, ports, or protocols. It blocks unauthorised access while allowing permitted communication.

Converting readable data into ciphertext so that only parties with the correct key can decode it. It protects confidentiality in storage and during transmission over networks.

A cryptographic value attached to a message that verifies the sender's identity and confirms the data was not altered. It provides authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation.

A fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information by impersonating a trusted entity through email, messages, or fake websites. Users are tricked into revealing passwords or card details.

A reasoning question type presenting two or more premises from which a valid conclusion must be drawn. Candidates test conclusions using set relationships and elimination.

Puzzle questions describing family links through statements or symbols, asking how two people are related. Drawing a family tree with clear generation levels makes them easier to solve.

A puzzle where people or objects must be placed in rows or around a table using given clues. Fixed positions and definite clues are applied first to narrow possibilities.

Questions based on tables, bar charts, line graphs, or pie charts where candidates compute values such as percentages, averages, and ratios. Speed with approximation is essential.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, used to compare quantities and measure change. Converting between fractions, decimals, and percentages speeds up arithmetic in aptitude tests.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal. These concepts underpin partnership, mixture, and age problems.

An English question type where a passage has blanks and candidates choose the word that best fits each gap. Both grammar and overall context must be considered.

Questions requiring candidates to rearrange sentences into a coherent paragraph. Identifying opening sentences, pronouns, connectors, and logical flow helps establish the correct order.

A section testing understanding of a given passage through questions on main idea, inference, tone, and vocabulary. Answers should be based strictly on the passage, not outside knowledge.

System software that manages hardware, memory, files, and processes, and provides services to applications. Examples include Windows, Linux, and macOS on personal computers.

Volatile primary memory that stores data and instructions currently in use by the processor. Its contents are lost when power is switched off, unlike ROM or secondary storage.

A program that translates source code written in a high-level language into machine code before execution. It reports syntax errors during translation rather than at runtime.