INI CET flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Brachial plexus roots

The brachial plexus is formed by ventral rami of C5 to T1; Erb palsy affects C5–C6 and gives waiter's tip posture, while Klumpke palsy affects C8–T1 with claw hand.

Glomerular filtration rate

GFR equals filtration coefficient times net filtration pressure, normally about 125 mL/min; filtration fraction is GFR divided by renal plasma flow, approximately 0.2.

Rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis

Phosphofructokinase-1 catalyses the committed step of glycolysis and is inhibited by ATP and citrate while activated by AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.

Virchow triad

Thrombosis risk is explained by endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow such as stasis or turbulence, and hypercoagulability; all three contribute to thrombus formation.

Zero-order elimination

A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time regardless of concentration, seen with phenytoin, ethanol, and high-dose aspirin; small dose increases can cause toxicity.

Autoclave standard cycle

Sterilisation by autoclave uses steam at 121 degrees Celsius and 15 psi for 15 to 20 minutes; biological monitoring uses Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores.

Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity is true positives divided by all diseased; specificity is true negatives divided by all non-diseased; both are independent of disease prevalence in the population.

Diabetic ketoacidosis criteria

Diagnosis requires glucose above 250 mg/dL, arterial pH below 7.3, bicarbonate below 18 mEq/L, and ketonaemia; treatment is isotonic saline, insulin infusion, and potassium replacement.

Preeclampsia definition

New hypertension of 140/90 mmHg or more after 20 weeks of gestation with proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction; magnesium sulphate prevents and treats eclamptic seizures.

Developmental milestones

Social smile appears at 6 weeks, head holding at 3 months, sitting without support at 6 months, and independent walking at 12 to 15 months.

Cranial nerve classification

Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, XI, and XII are motor; I, II, and VIII are sensory; V, VII, IX, and X are mixed nerves carrying both functions.

Competitive inhibition kinetics

A competitive inhibitor binds the active site and raises the apparent Km without changing Vmax; increasing substrate concentration can overcome the inhibition.

Cardiac cycle heart sounds

S1 arises from mitral and tricuspid valve closure at the start of systole; S2 from aortic and pulmonary closure; S3 occurs in early diastole and S4 from atrial contraction.

Hypersensitivity types

Type I is IgE-mediated anaphylaxis; type II is antibody against cell surfaces; type III is immune complex disease; type IV is T-cell mediated delayed hypersensitivity.

Antitubercular drug effects

Isoniazid causes peripheral neuropathy prevented by pyridoxine and also hepatitis; rifampicin induces cytochrome P450 and colours urine orange; ethambutol causes optic neuritis.

Lead-time bias

Screening detects disease earlier without changing the time of death, so measured survival appears longer even when the screening has no true benefit.

Stroke thrombolysis window

Intravenous alteplase can be given within 4.5 hours of ischaemic stroke onset if CT excludes haemorrhage and no contraindication exists; earlier treatment gives better outcomes.

Anaphylaxis treatment

Give intramuscular adrenaline 0.01 mg/kg of 1:1000 solution, maximum 0.5 mg, into the anterolateral thigh and repeat every 5 to 15 minutes as needed.

WHO oral rehydration salts

Rehydration ORS contains 75 mEq/L sodium and maintenance ORS contains 45 mEq/L; zinc supplementation for 14 days reduces diarrhoea duration and recurrence.

Muscle contraction mechanism

Calcium binds troponin C, moving tropomyosin to expose actin-binding sites; myosin heads form crossbridges and ATP hydrolysis drives the power stroke.

Lipoprotein functions

Chylomicrons transport dietary fat, VLDL carries endogenous triglyceride, LDL delivers cholesterol to tissues, and HDL performs reverse cholesterol transport to the liver.

DNA replication direction

DNA polymerase reads the template 3-prime to 5-prime and synthesises the new strand 5-prime to 3-prime; the lagging strand forms Okazaki fragments.

Heparin versus warfarin

Heparin acts through antithrombin III and is monitored by aPTT; warfarin inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase and is monitored by INR.

MacConkey agar use

MacConkey agar selects Gram-negative bacilli and differentiates lactose fermenters such as Escherichia coli, which form pink colonies, from non-fermenters.

Hanging ligature mark

In hanging the ligature mark is typically oblique, above the thyroid cartilage, and incomplete; in strangulation it is horizontal and often below the thyroid cartilage.

Heart failure treatment

Reduced ejection fraction heart failure is treated with an ACE inhibitor or ARNI, beta-blocker, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, and SGLT2 inhibitor to reduce mortality.

Neonatal resuscitation steps

Warm, dry, and stimulate the newborn; give positive pressure ventilation if apnoeic or heart rate below 100 per minute; start chest compressions if heart rate below 60.

Glasgow Coma Scale

Eye response scores 4, verbal 5, and motor 6, giving a total of 3 to 15; a score of 8 or less indicates need for airway protection.

Organophosphate poisoning

Excess acetylcholine causes salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhoea, vomiting, bronchospasm, and miosis; treat with atropine and pralidoxime.

Child-Pugh score components

The Child-Pugh score uses bilirubin, albumin, INR, ascites, and encephalopathy to grade cirrhosis and estimate prognosis; MELD uses bilirubin, INR, and creatinine.

ATLS primary survey

The primary survey follows airway with cervical spine protection, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure; FAST detects free intraperitoneal fluid in trauma.

Combined oral contraceptive contraindications

Combined oral pills are contraindicated in migraine with aura, smoking over age 35, history of venous thromboembolism, and uncontrolled hypertension.