Jharkhand Police Constable key terms

A spring festival of the Munda, Oraon and Ho communities of Jharkhand in which the sal tree is worshipped and its flowers offered, marking the tribal new year and the start of agricultural activity.

The sacred grove of sal trees where Jharkhand's tribal communities worship their deities, and also the name given to the indigenous religion centred on nature and village deities.

A Jharkhand tribal festival celebrated in the month of Bhadrapada, in which the karma branch is worshipped and people dance through the night seeking prosperity and a good harvest.

A masked dance-drama form performed in the Seraikela region of Jharkhand, combining martial movements with elaborate masks and themes drawn from the Ramayana and Mahabharata.

A martial folk dance of the Munda and other tribal communities of Jharkhand, performed by men with swords and shields to the beat of the madal drum.

A long political agitation from the 1930s onward demanding a separate state for the tribal and Adivasi population of the Chotanagpur and Santhal Pargana regions, achieved when Jharkhand was created in 2000.

The plateau region of southern Jharkhand covering districts such as Ranchi, Hazaribagh and Palamu, known for its mineral wealth, sal forests and concentration of tribal communities.

A region of north-eastern Jharkhand comprising Dumka, Deoghar, Godda, Pakur, Sahibganj and Jamtara, administered historically under special tenancy laws protecting tribal land rights.

A Munda tribal leader from the late nineteenth century who led the Ulgulan rebellion against British rule and the zamindari system, and whose birth anniversary is observed as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas.

A major public-sector steel plant in Bokaro district of Jharkhand, established with Soviet technical collaboration and operated under SAIL, forming a core part of the state's industrial economy.

A multi-purpose river valley authority established in 1948 covering the Damodar basin across Jharkhand and West Bengal, supplying irrigation, flood control, hydropower and thermal power.

The six categories of rights guaranteed in Part III of the Indian Constitution, enforceable through writs in the Supreme Court and High Courts, covering equality, freedom, exploitation, religion, culture and constitutional remedies.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution directing the state towards social and economic welfare; they are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance.

The 1992 amendment that gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions, mandating three-tier structures, regular elections, reservation for women and Scheduled Castes and Tribes, and a State Election Commission.

The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, which extends Panchayati Raj to Scheduled Areas and grants gram sabhas special powers over land, forests, minor minerals and local resources.

A formal written order issued by a court commanding a person or authority to act or refrain from acting; the five constitutional writs are habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari and quo warranto.

The Tenth Schedule provision that disqualifies a legislator who voluntarily gives up party membership or votes against the party whip, aimed at preventing elected members from switching sides.

The seasonal reversal of wind direction that brings heavy rainfall to India, with the south-west monsoon arriving in Jharkhand around mid-June and providing most of the state's annual precipitation.

A leached, iron-rich soil formed in areas of heavy rainfall and high temperature, common on the Chotanagpur plateau; it is acidic and low in fertility but used for cashew and plantation crops.

A river originating near Ranchi on the Chotanagpur plateau that flows through Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha before entering the Bay of Bengal, known for gold panning in its sands.

A fraction expressed with denominator one hundred; to find it, divide the part by the whole and multiply by 100, a basic operation used in data interpretation and profit-loss problems.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind; a proportion states that two ratios are equal. Problems are solved by cross-multiplication or by reducing to a common unit.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. In aptitude tests, shortcut methods are used when values are equally spaced or when one value is added or removed.

Interest calculated only on the original principal, using the formula principal times rate times time divided by 100, without compounding on accrued interest.

Interest calculated on both the principal and previously accumulated interest, growing the amount as principal times one plus rate over 100 raised to the number of periods.

A group of aptitude problems based on the relation distance equals speed multiplied by time, including relative speed, trains crossing poles and platforms, and boats in streams.

A reasoning question presenting two or more premises followed by conclusions, where the candidate must judge which conclusions follow logically from the premises alone.

Reasoning problems that describe family relationships in words or symbols and ask the candidate to identify how two persons are related, often solved by drawing a family tree.

A reasoning topic in which words or numbers are written in a coded pattern and the candidate must identify the rule and apply it to decode a new word or encode a given one.

Problems requiring the candidate to trace a person's path through turns and distances and then calculate the final direction or the shortest distance from the starting point.

A sequence of numbers, letters or figures following a hidden pattern; the candidate must identify the rule and find the missing or next term.

Three laws stating that a body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a force, that force equals mass times acceleration, and that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

The statement that current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it at constant temperature, giving the relation voltage equals current times resistance.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and release oxygen, with chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbing the light energy needed for the reaction.

Organic compounds required in small amounts for normal growth and health; deficiency of vitamin A causes night blindness, vitamin C scurvy, and vitamin D rickets.

The system of local self-government in rural India with gram panchayat, panchayat samiti and zila parishad tiers, established to decentralise administration and involve villagers in development planning.

A Munda language of the Austroasiatic family spoken by the Santhal community of Jharkhand and included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

The joining or alteration of sounds when two words or morphemes combine in Hindi, such as the merging of a vowel at the end of one word with a vowel at the start of the next.

A Hindi compound word formed by joining two or more words, classified into types such as tatpurush, dwandwa, bahuvrihi and karmadharaya according to the relation between the parts.

Two categories of Hindi vocabulary: tatsam words are borrowed from Sanskrit without change, while tadbhav words are Sanskrit words that have been modified in form through use in Hindi.