JKSET flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Middle term distribution

In a categorical syllogism the middle term must be distributed in at least one premise; otherwise no valid conclusion linking the two other terms can be drawn.

Odd days

The remainder when total days are divided by seven, giving the weekday shift; a normal year contributes one odd day and a leap year two.

Clock hand gain rate

The minute hand gains 5.5 degrees per minute over the hour hand, so the hands coincide every 65 and 5/11 minutes.

Atbash coding

A substitution in which each letter is replaced by its mirror in the alphabet, so A becomes Z, B becomes Y, and position n maps to 27 minus n.

Blood relation tree

A diagram with generations on vertical levels and spouses or siblings on the same level; gender is taken only from explicit words in the question.

Article 368

The constitutional provision setting out the procedure for amending the Constitution, including special majority requirements and ratification by states for federal provisions.

Fundamental Duties

Eleven duties of citizens listed in Article 51A, inserted by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.

Net direction displacement

Resultant direction after several moves is found by vector addition of north-south and east-west components, not by counting turns alone.

Negative marking strategy

Because JKSET objective papers deduct marks for wrong answers, a question should be attempted only when at least one option can be confidently eliminated.

Capital versus revenue expenditure

Capital expenditure creates a long-term asset or reduces a long-term liability; revenue expenditure meets routine operating costs and is charged to the income statement.

Dimensional consistency check

In physics numericals, both sides of an equation must carry identical base units; a mismatch signals an incorrect formula choice before any calculation.

Sandhi

The phonological combination of two adjacent sounds at a word boundary, classified in Sanskrit grammar as vowel, consonant, or visarga sandhi.

Samasa

A Sanskrit compound in which several words combine into one unit; types include tatpurusha, dvandva, bahuvrihi, and avyayibhava.

Literary period mapping

Matching each movement, such as Romanticism or Modernism, to its approximate dates and to one representative author and characteristic work.

Postgraduate level syllabus

Subject papers are set at master's degree depth, so revision should follow the candidate's own postgraduate syllabus rather than school textbooks.

Independent variable

The variable that the researcher manipulates or treats as the presumed cause; its effect is observed on the dependent variable.

Internal validity

The degree to which a study supports a causal claim, threatened by confounding, selection bias, maturation, and history effects.

External validity

The extent to which findings generalise beyond the sample, setting, and time of the study to other populations and conditions.

Cronbach's alpha

An index of internal consistency among items on a scale, ranging from zero to one, with values above roughly 0.7 usually treated as acceptable.

Standard error of mean

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean, computed as the population standard deviation divided by the square root of sample size.

Type I error

Rejecting a null hypothesis that is actually true; its probability is alpha, the significance level chosen by the researcher.

Type II error

Failing to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false; its probability is beta, and statistical power equals one minus beta.

Stratified random sampling

A probability method in which the population is divided into homogeneous strata and random samples are drawn from each stratum, reducing sampling error.

Quasi-experimental design

A design comparing groups without random assignment, such as a pre-test post-test comparison of intact classes, so causal inference is weaker.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

A hierarchy of objectives ordered Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create, used to classify question difficulty and align assessment with intended outcomes.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's concept describing the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable other.

Scaffolding

Temporary structured support, such as prompts, models, or worked examples, gradually withdrawn as the learner gains independent competence.

Formative assessment

Ongoing, low-stakes assessment used to diagnose learning and adjust teaching, in contrast with summative assessment that certifies final achievement.

Criterion-referenced assessment

Assessment that interprets a score against a defined standard or learning outcome rather than against the performance of a comparison group.

NAAC

The National Assessment and Accreditation Council, which grades higher education institutions in India on a seven-point scale from A++ to C.

SWAYAM

A Government of India MOOC platform hosting free courses from school to postgraduate level, with proctored examinations for credit transfer.

Kohlberg conventional level

The second level of moral reasoning, where right action is judged by social approval and by maintaining law and social order.