JTET Paper 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Piaget's sensorimotor stage

The first Piagetian stage, from birth to about age two, when infants learn through senses and actions and develop object permanence.

Object permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight, typically achieved by the end of the sensorimotor stage.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks a learner can complete with guidance from a more knowledgeable person but cannot yet do independently.

Conservation (Piaget)

The recognition that quantity, mass, or volume stays the same when appearance changes, normally developing in the concrete operational stage from about age seven.

Operant conditioning

Skinner's learning principle that behaviour is strengthened or weakened by its consequences, such as reinforcement, punishment, and extinction.

Inclusive education

A model in which children with disabilities learn in regular classrooms with adapted curriculum, aids, and support, rather than being segregated by default.

Continuous and comprehensive evaluation

A school assessment approach that covers scholastic and co-scholastic areas, uses multiple tools, and records progress continuously rather than through a single examination.

Phonemic awareness

The ability to notice, identify, and manipulate individual speech sounds in spoken words, a foundation for later phonics and spelling.

Phonics approach

A method that teaches beginners to decode words by matching letters or letter groups to the sounds they represent.

Whole language approach

An approach that develops literacy through meaningful, authentic texts and context, with less emphasis on isolated letter-sound drills.

Communicative Language Teaching

A method that develops language through meaningful interaction and real communication, treating fluency as primary and learner errors as normal.

Scaffolding

Temporary support such as models, prompts, and cues given by a teacher or peer, gradually withdrawn as the learner gains competence.

Big book approach

Shared reading from an enlarged text with pictures, used to build print awareness, directionality, prediction, and group participation in early primary classes.

Comprehensible input (i+1)

Krashen's idea that language is acquired when learners understand messages slightly beyond their current level, containing one new element at a time.

BICS and CALP

Cummins's distinction between basic interpersonal conversational skills (about one to two years) and cognitive academic language proficiency (about five to seven years).

Affective filter

An emotional barrier of anxiety, low motivation, or low self-confidence that can prevent learners from taking in comprehensible second-language input.

Code-switching

The alternation between two or more languages within a conversation, a normal and often useful strategy for bilingual learners.

Total Physical Response

A language teaching method in which learners respond to spoken commands with physical actions, suited to beginners and young children.

Interlanguage

The learner's developing rule system between the first language and the target language, which produces errors that show active rule formation.

Place value

The value of a digit determined by its position in a number; in 4,507 the 5 means 500 because it is in the hundreds place.

CRA sequence

Concrete, representational, abstract: teaching an operation first with objects, then pictures, then symbols.

Equivalent fractions

Fractions that name the same value, such as 1/2, 2/4, and 3/6, formed by multiplying numerator and denominator by the same number.

Perimeter vs area

Perimeter is the distance around a figure; area is the surface it covers, measured in square units.

Polya's problem solving steps

Understand the problem, plan a strategy, carry out the plan, and check the result, a four-step model for mathematics problem solving.

Diagnostic error analysis

Classifying a learner's mathematics mistakes as careless, conceptual, or procedural so that reteaching targets the actual cause.

Pictograph

A data display using pictures or symbols, each standing for a fixed number of items, with a key explaining the scale.

EVS theme: family and friends

A primary EVS theme covering family relationships, animals, plants, and the child's immediate social world and interdependence.

Water cycle

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection, driven by the sun and gravity.

Food groups

Energy-giving carbohydrates and fats, body-building proteins, and protective vitamins and minerals, the three functional groups in primary EVS nutrition.

Observation in EVS

The core EVS method in which children watch, record, compare, and question local plants, animals, weather, and people to build concepts.

Local biodiversity

The plants and animals found in a child's own area, used in EVS to teach classification such as herbs, shrubs, trees, and habitat.

First aid for burns

Cool the burn with clean running water for about twenty minutes, remove tight items, and cover with a clean cloth.