JTET Paper 2 cheat sheet

Piaget's four stages: sensorimotor (0–2 years), preoperational (2–7), concrete operational (7–11), formal operational (11+); conservation appears in concrete operational, abstract hypothetical reasoning in formal.

Vygotsky's ZPD is the distance between a learner's independent performance and potential performance with adult or peer guidance; scaffolding is temporary support faded as competence grows.

Kohlberg's moral reasoning levels: pre-conventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (interpersonal conformity, law and order), post-conventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Bruner's three representation modes are enactive (actions), iconic (images), and symbolic (language/symbols); spiral curriculum revisits concepts at increasing complexity.

Inclusive education places students with disabilities in general classrooms with accommodations (e.g., extra time) rather than modifications (altered content); an IEP specifies goals, services, and accommodations.

Formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic; summative assessment measures achievement at the end of a unit; reliability means consistency, validity means measuring the intended construct.

Gardner's multiple intelligences include linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic; it challenges a single IQ score.

Chomsky proposed an innate language acquisition device and universal grammar; Skinner explained language via operant conditioning and reinforcement; the critical period hypothesis suggests early language exposure is optimal.

Maslow's hierarchy orders needs from physiological and safety through belonging, esteem, and self-actualization; lower needs generally must be met before higher growth needs dominate.

Krashen distinguishes subconscious language acquisition from conscious language learning; the monitor model uses comprehensible input, a low affective filter, and natural order.

The input hypothesis states that learners acquire language when exposed to input slightly beyond current competence (i+1), supported by context and non-linguistic cues.

LSRW: listening and reading are receptive skills; speaking and writing are productive skills; authentic tasks integrate all four rather than teaching them in isolation.

Phonics instruction maps graphemes to phonemes; phonemic awareness is the ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds in spoken words.

Skimming gives a quick general impression; scanning locates specific information; intensive reading analyzes detail; extensive reading builds fluency through large amounts of easy text.

Communicative Language Teaching prioritizes meaningful interaction and fluency over explicit grammar drills; task-based learning organizes lessons around real-world tasks.

Error analysis distinguishes systematic errors (interlanguage development) from slips; corrective feedback should target meaning and pattern, not every mistake.

Multilingual classrooms can use code-switching and translanguaging as resources; home language support aids comprehension and identity without replacing the target language.

Reading comprehension levels: literal (explicit facts), inferential (implied meaning), evaluative (judging), and critical (analyzing bias); questions should target each level.

Figurative language includes simile (like/as), metaphor (direct comparison), personification, hyperbole, and irony; literal meaning differs from intended meaning.

Cohesion is surface linking via pronouns, conjunctions, and lexical repetition; coherence is the logical unity of ideas in a text.

A cloze test deletes words at regular intervals and requires context-based replacement; it assesses vocabulary, grammar, and reading comprehension.

Affixes change meaning or word class: prefixes (un-, re-, pre-) and suffixes (-ness, -able, -tion); root words carry core meaning.

Reported speech shifts tense back (present to past), changes pronouns and time/place expressions; direct speech quotes exact words.

Portfolio assessment collects drafts, revisions, and reflections over time; rubrics list criteria and performance levels to make scoring transparent.

Differentiated instruction adjusts content, process, or product based on readiness, interest, and learning profile; scaffolding and peer tutoring support struggling readers.

Math: area formulas - rectangle l×w, triangle ½bh, circle πr²; circumference 2πr; volume of cuboid l×w×h; Pythagoras a²+b²=c² for right triangles.

Math: mean = sum ÷ count; median = middle value in ordered data; mode = most frequent value; probability = favorable outcomes ÷ total outcomes.

Math: algebraic identities (a+b)²=a²+2ab+b²; (a−b)²=a²−2ab+b²; a²−b²=(a+b)(a−b); linear equation ax+b=0 gives x=−b/a.

Science: photosynthesis equation 6CO₂+6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂ in chloroplasts using chlorophyll and sunlight; respiration reverses it to release energy.

Science: Newton's laws - inertia (first), F=ma (second), equal and opposite action-reaction (third); Ohm's law V=IR; pH below 7 acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic.

Social Studies: Indian Constitution guarantees Fundamental Rights (equality, freedom, against exploitation, religion, cultural/educational, constitutional remedies) and lists Fundamental Duties; DPSPs guide policy.

Social Studies: Indian monsoon is a seasonal reversal of winds; southwest monsoon (June–September) brings rain; retreating monsoon (October–November); latitude, altitude, and distance from sea affect climate.

Social Studies: Panchayati Raj is a three-tier rural system - Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad; the 73rd Amendment (1992) gave constitutional status.

Social Studies: Indian history sequence - Indus Valley (c. 2500 BCE), Vedic, Mauryan (321 BCE), Gupta, Delhi Sultanate, Mughal (1526), British colonial rule, freedom movement, independence 1947.