I85PREP
⌘ K
KEAM study materials
KEAM study resources

KEAM cheat sheet

KEAM · Keep the key ideas within reach.

Quick reference

Pharmacy (KEAM Pharmacy stream)

  • Zero-order kinetics: elimination rate is constant, t½ = C0/(2k); first-order t½ = 0.693/k (independent of dose).

  • Bioavailability F = (AUCoral × DoseIV)/(AUCIV × Doseoral); intravenous reference gives F = 1.

  • Volume of distribution Vd = Dose/C0; clearance CL = k × Vd; half-life t½ = 0.693 × Vd/CL.

  • First-pass metabolism reduces oral bioavailability; sublingual and intravenous routes avoid it.

  • Tablet excipients: diluent, binder, disintegrant, lubricant (e.g., magnesium stearate) and glidant.

  • Sustained release follows Higuchi (√t) or zero-order release; enteric coating resists gastric acid.

  • Prescription abbreviations: b.d. twice daily, t.d.s. three times daily, q.i.d. four times daily, p.r.n. as needed.

  • Sterile products are sterilised by autoclave (121 °C, 15 psi, 15–20 min) or dry heat (160 °C, 2 h).