Kerala Plus Two Biology (DHSE) study plan

Draw and label the longitudinal section of a typical angiosperm ovule and a mature embryo sac, marking the egg apparatus, polar nuclei and antipodal cells from memory

Sequence the events from microsporogenesis through double fertilisation, stating the ploidy of endosperm, zygote and nucellus in each step

Solve at least 15 monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, deriving phenotypic ratios and identifying test-cross outcomes without referring to notes

Distinguish incomplete dominance, codominance and multiple allelism using one worked example each (snapdragon, ABO blood groups, ABO alleles)

Write a one-page comparison of the male and female reproductive cycles including hormonal peaks of FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone

Explain the Meselson-Stahl experiment and state why it supported semi-conservative replication

Describe the molecular machinery of replication, listing the roles of helicase, DNA polymerase, ligase and primase in order

Trace the central dogma from transcription through translation, naming the enzymes and the three RNA types involved

Work out the phenotype of a lac operon in the presence and absence of lactose and of a functional repressor gene

Solve pedigree problems and distinguish autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked inheritance patterns

Summarise the evidence for evolution (fossils, homologous and analogous organs, industrial melanism, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) in a comparative table

Calculate allele and genotype frequencies using the Hardy-Weinberg equation for at least three population scenarios

Describe the stages of mitosis and meiosis and state the cytological basis for crossing over and independent assortment

Classify biomolecules into carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and enzymes, giving the bond type and one function for each

Explain competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition with one example of each and predict the effect on reaction rate

List the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of at least six sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydiasis

Explain the modes and limitations of contraception (barrier, hormonal, IUD, surgical) and evaluate the ethical and practical issues of each

Describe the pathophysiology, transmission and prevention of malaria, dengue, typhoid and filariasis

Explain the immune response including the roles of B cells, T cells, antibodies and the difference between active and passive immunity

Outline the life cycle of Plasmodium and the role of the vector in transmission

Describe the steps of recombinant DNA technology in order: restriction digestion, ligation, transformation, selection and screening

Explain the roles of restriction endonucleases, ligase, vectors, selectable markers and the origin of replication

Distinguish the principles and applications of PCR, gel electrophoresis and DNA fingerprinting

Evaluate the applications of biotechnology in medicine and agriculture (insulin, gene therapy, Bt crops, RNA interference) with one ethical concern for each

Explain the role of microbes in sewage treatment, biogas production and as biocontrol agents

Distinguish the terms habitat, niche, population, community and ecosystem with one Kerala-relevant example each

Explain population growth models (exponential and logistic) and the factors that regulate population size

Describe energy flow, trophic levels, ecological pyramids and the ten-percent law with a worked numerical example

Outline nutrient cycling (carbon, phosphorus) and distinguish primary from secondary succession

Explain biodiversity hotspots, the causes of biodiversity loss and the strategies for in-situ and ex-situ conservation

Explain water and mineral transport in plants, including root pressure, transpiration pull and the cohesion-tension theory

Describe the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, naming the pigments, the products and the site of each stage

Compare C3, C4 and CAM pathways and explain photorespiration

Summarise glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, stating ATP and NADH yields per glucose

Describe the hormones that regulate plant growth and the structure of the mammalian digestive and circulatory systems

Classify organisms using the five-kingdom and three-domain systems, giving the defining features of each group

Compare the characteristic features of major plant and animal phyla in a condensed table

Revisit the highest-weight genetics and evolution topics and solve 10 mixed questions under timed conditions

Revisit ecology numericals (energy flow, population growth, Hardy-Weinberg) and correct any recurring errors

Complete two full-length mock papers and log every wrong answer with its corrected reasoning