Kerala +2 Islamic History flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Jahiliyya

The pre-Islamic era of ignorance in Arabia, marked by tribal asabiyya, polytheism at the Ka'ba, and raiding culture before the Prophet's mission.

Hijra

The migration of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, marking the start of the Islamic lunar calendar.

Constitution of Medina

A pact made after the Hijra that bound the Muhajirun, Ansar, and Jewish tribes of Medina into a single political community with mutual obligations.

Ridda Wars

The apostasy wars fought under Caliph Abu Bakr against tribes that renounced Islam or withheld zakat after the Prophet's death in 632 CE.

Diwan

The register of state stipends established under Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab to distribute revenues among soldiers and the community.

Uthmanic Mushaf

The standardized written Qur'anic codex commissioned by Caliph Uthman to unify recitation and resolve textual disputes across the empire.

Battle of Siffin

The 657 CE confrontation between Caliph Ali and Mu'awiya in Syria; its arbitration dispute led to the Kharijite secession.

Karbala

The 680 CE battle in Iraq where Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Prophet, was killed, a defining event for Shi'i identity.

Baghdad

The Abbasid capital founded in 762 CE by al-Mansur, which became a center of administration, trade, and learning.

Mihna

The Abbasid inquisition (833-848 CE) over whether the Qur'an was created, used to enforce Mu'tazili doctrine under al-Ma'mun.

Madhhab

A school of Islamic jurisprudence; the four Sunni schools are Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali, each with distinct legal method.

Qiyas

Analogical reasoning in Islamic law, applying a known ruling to a new case because of a shared effective cause (illa).

Maqasid al-shari'a

The objectives of Islamic law, classically religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property, elaborated by al-Ghazali and al-Shatibi.

Mu'tazila

A rationalist theological school holding five principles, including divine unity, justice, and the createdness of the Qur'an.

Bayt al-Hikma

The House of Wisdom in Baghdad, an Abbasid library and translation center especially active under Caliph al-Ma'mun.

Al-Khwarizmi

A ninth-century mathematician whose work on algebra and Indian numerals gave rise to the terms algebra and algorithm.

Madrasa

An endowed Islamic college for advanced religious and legal study; the Nizamiyya of Baghdad, founded 1067 CE, is a famous example.

Waqf

A perpetual charitable endowment of property whose revenues fund mosques, schools, hospitals, or other public institutions.

Muhammad ibn Qasim

The Arab commander who conquered Sindh in 711-712 CE, establishing an early Muslim presence in the Indian subcontinent.

Delhi Sultanate

The Muslim dynasties ruling from Delhi between 1206 and 1526 CE, including the Mamluk, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, and Lodi lines.

Sulh-i kul

The Mughal policy of universal tolerance promoted by Emperor Akbar, extending protection and participation across religious communities.

Shah Waliullah

An eighteenth-century Indian reformer who promoted hadith study and renewal of Islamic thought in the subcontinent.

Malik ibn Dinar

A traditional early figure credited with bringing Islam to the Malabar coast and associated with the Kodungallur mosque.

Mappila

The Muslim community of Kerala's Malabar coast, also called Moplah, historically prominent in Indian Ocean spice trade.

Arabi-Malayalam

A script and literary language using Arabic characters to write Malayalam, used for Mappila religious and poetic works.

Kunjali Marakkars

A family of Malabar naval commanders who resisted Portuguese expansion along the Kerala coast in the sixteenth century.

Tuhfat al-Mujahidin

A sixteenth-century Arabic work by Zainuddin Makhdum defending Malabar Muslims and describing Portuguese aggression on the coast.

Salafiyya

A reform movement associated with al-Afghani, Abduh, and Rashid Rida, calling for renewal through early Islamic sources and reason.

Muslim Brotherhood

An Egyptian movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928, combining religious revival, social services, and political activism.

Khilafat Movement

An Indian anti-colonial campaign (1919-1924) to protect the Ottoman caliphate, mobilizing Hindus and Muslims together.

Ibn Khaldun

A fourteenth-century historian whose Muqaddima analyzed asabiyya and dynastic cycles, often viewed as a precursor of sociology.

Isnad

The chain of transmitters in a hadith report; hadith criticism assesses its reliability through biographical evaluation of narrators.