Kerala SSLC Kannada BT flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Halegannada period

Old Kannada, roughly 450–1200 CE. Its inscriptions and early literary works show archaic inflections and vocabulary that differ markedly from the Modern Kannada used in SSLC prose passages.

Kannada word order

Kannada is Subject–Object–Verb. The verb closes the sentence and carries the main assertion, so the final clause usually states what the sentence actually claims.

Sandhi in reading

Sandhi is the sound change occurring where two words meet. Reading prose accurately requires recovering the original words hidden inside a joined written form.

Anuvada task

Anuvada means paraphrase or restatement. The answer must convey the passage's meaning in your own words; lifting whole sentences verbatim is not an acceptable paraphrase.

Pronoun reference trap

Kannada uses distinct pronouns such as avanu, avalu, avaru, and adu. Comprehension questions test whether you can identify the exact noun each pronoun refers back to.

Shatpadi metre

A native Kannada metre whose name means 'six lines'. Each line follows a fixed mora (matra) count, and scansion counts morae rather than syllables.

Ragale metre

A Kannada metre built of unequal-line couplets with a set pattern. It appears in early devotional and narrative poetry and is not scanned by simple syllable counting.

Prasa and anuprasa

Prasa is initial alliteration, matching the opening syllable of successive lines. Anuprasa is sound repetition within a line. Examiners routinely ask you to distinguish the two.

Upama versus rupaka

Upama is simile and uses an explicit comparison word such as 'like' or 'as'. Rupaka is metaphor and identifies the two things directly, with no comparison word.

Vachana form

Vachana is free verse with no fixed metre, linked to the 12th-century Sharana movement. Its short, plain, direct style is a standard point in appreciation answers.

Rasa in poetics

Rasa is the aesthetic emotion evoked by a poem. Named rasas include shringara, karuna, vira, and hasya; identifying one requires evidence from diction and imagery.

Bhavartha question

Bhavartha asks for the meaning or emotional import the poet conveys, not merely the literal sense of the words. Answers must separate surface sense from suggested feeling.

Kannada dative suffix

The dative is usually marked by -ge or -ige and indicates the indirect object or beneficiary. Recognising it helps identify who receives the action in a sentence.

Kannada accusative suffix

The accusative is commonly marked by -annu or -nnu and identifies the direct object. It is the case marker most often tested in sentence-correction items.

Kannada tense markers

Past is commonly marked by -id- or -d-, present by -utt- or -t-, and future by -uv- or -v-. The marker reveals tense even in an unfamiliar verb.

Kannada negative conjugation

Kannada forms negatives with distinct negative verb forms rather than by attaching a negative particle to a positive verb. The negative paradigm must be learned separately.

Kannada gender agreement

Kannada distinguishes masculine, feminine, and neuter, plus singular and plural. Neuter plurals frequently take singular verb agreement, which is a recurring error point.

Samasa types

Kannada compounds follow the Sanskrit classification: tatpurusha, dvandva, bahuvrihi, and karmadharaya. Identifying the type requires determining which member is the head.

Three sandhi types

Sandhi changes at word boundaries fall into vowel sandhi, consonant sandhi, and visarga sandhi. Naming the type is often required alongside splitting the joined form.

Formal Kannada letter order

Order: sender's address, date, recipient's address, salutation, body, closing, signature. Omitting the date or the salutation costs marks regardless of body quality.

Prabandha structure

An essay needs an introduction (prastavane), body paragraphs each carrying one point, and a conclusion (upasamhara). Single-point essays rarely score above average.

Kannada notice writing

A suchane must state who, what, when, where, and why within the first two lines. Detail follows, with the date and issuing authority at the close.

Cohesive devices in Kannada

Common linkers are mattu (and), adare (but), and karena (because). Overusing mattu produces flat, repetitive composition and weakens paragraph unity.

Kannada punctuation marks

Kannada uses the same punctuation categories as English, but its full stop is a small circle. The question mark and comma are written as in English.

Dialogue composition

Sambhashane uses direct speech with quotation marks and speaker tags. Each turn must advance the exchange rather than restate information already given.

Idiom in translation

Kannada idioms must be rendered by the nearest equivalent expression in the target language. A literal word-for-word gloss usually produces nonsense or wrong meaning.

Articles in translation

Kannada has no grammatical articles. Translating into English requires supplying a, an, or the according to definiteness, a frequent source of error.

Honorific plural loss

Kannada uses honorific plurals such as avaru for a respected person. English has no direct equivalent, so translation usually drops the honorific and the loss may need noting.

Precis writing rule

A precis (sankshepa) reduces a passage to about one-third of its length while keeping the central argument. Examples and repetition go; the main claim stays.

Transcription in translation

Proper nouns, dates, and numbers are transcribed, not translated. Kannada numerals ೧–೯ must be converted to Arabic numerals 1–9 in the English target text.

Voice conversion task

Kannada passive forms using -alpa- or -padu- must be recast into active voice when translating to English. The reverse applies for English-to-Kannada tasks.

Technical term consistency

Technical terms are usually kept in English or transliterated rather than translated literally. Consistency across the whole document matters more than which option you choose.