Karnataka II PUC Education (KSEAB) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Educare

Latin root meaning to nourish or bring up; one of the two etymological roots of education, the other being educere (to lead out), suggesting the unfolding of latent potential.

Kothari Commission (1964–66)

Indian Education Commission that recommended the 10+2+3 structure, work experience, and education linked to productivity, national integration, modernisation and social values.

Informal education

Unplanned, incidental learning gained from family, peers and daily life; it has no fixed curriculum, timetable or certificate, yet continues throughout life.

Agencies of education

Individuals and institutions that transmit knowledge and values: family, school, community, mass media, state and peer group, classified as formal, informal and non-formal.

Cephalocaudal principle

Development proceeds from head to foot, so the brain and head mature earlier than the trunk and legs; infants gain head control before they can walk.

Formal operational stage

Piaget's fourth stage, from about 11 years, when adolescents reason hypothetically, use abstract logic and consider possibilities rather than only concrete realities.

Adolescence

Stage of roughly 12 to 19 years marked by puberty, growth spurt, sexual maturation, identity search, strong peer influence and the emotional upheaval called storm and stress.

Heredity and environment

The two interacting determinants of development: heredity supplies genetic potential and environment supplies stimulation; development is now understood as their joint product.

Law of effect

Thorndike's principle that responses followed by satisfying consequences are strengthened, while those followed by discomfort are weakened, forming the basis of reinforcement theory.

Classical conditioning

Pavlovian learning in which a neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response when presented alone.

Negative reinforcement

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response, which increases the likelihood of that response recurring; it is not punishment, which decreases behaviour.

Insight learning

Kohler's Gestalt explanation, from chimpanzee experiments, in which the learner suddenly perceives the whole situation and reorganises it to solve a problem.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Five-level pyramid - physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualisation - in which lower deficiency needs are normally satisfied before higher growth needs motivate behaviour.

Yerkes–Dodson law

Performance rises with arousal up to an optimum and then declines; the optimum arousal is lower for complex tasks and higher for simple ones.

Rationalisation

Freudian defence mechanism in which a person invents plausible logical excuses to justify behaviour actually driven by unacceptable motives, thereby protecting self-esteem.

IQ formula

Intelligence quotient equals mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100; used on the Stanford–Binet scale, where average IQ is 100.

Multiple intelligences theory

Gardner's proposal of relatively independent intelligences - linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic - rather than a single general ability.

Divergent thinking

Guilford's term for generating many varied answers to an open problem, measured by fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration and regarded as central to creativity.

Big Five (OCEAN)

Trait model of personality comprising openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism, derived by factor analysis and widely used in current research.

Standard deviation

The square root of the mean of squared deviations from the mean; the most stable measure of variability and the basis for computing z-scores with the mean.

z-score

Standard score computed as raw score minus mean, divided by standard deviation; it states how many SD units a score lies above or below the mean, permitting cross-test comparison.

Test reliability

Consistency of a test's scores across occasions or parallel forms, estimated by test-retest, split-half and parallel-form methods and reported as a correlation coefficient from 0 to 1.

Criterion-referenced test

A test interpreted against a fixed standard of mastery rather than against other students' scores; suited to competency-based and mastery learning in classrooms.

Non-directive counselling

Carl Rogers' client-centred approach in which the counsellor offers empathy and unconditional positive regard while the client chooses the goals and solutions.

Cumulative record

Continuous, dated school record of a pupil's academic, health and personal data, maintained for guidance, placement and follow-up throughout school years.

Anecdotal record

A short, objective, dated description of one specific observed behaviour, written without interpretation and used to detect a pupil's typical behavioural patterns over time.

Programmed learning

Self-paced instruction using small steps, active responses and immediate feedback; Skinner's linear programme differs from Crowder's branching programme with remedial frames.

Microteaching

Scaled-down training at Stanford using five to ten minutes, a small pupil group and one teaching skill, followed by feedback and re-teaching cycles.

Hidden curriculum

Unintended lessons transmitted by school culture, rules and relationships - punctuality, obedience, hierarchy and competition - which are not part of the formal syllabus.

RTE Act 2009

Law under Article 21A making free and compulsory education a fundamental right for ages 6–14, with 25% seats for disadvantaged children in private unaided schools.

NEP 2020 5+3+3+4

National Education Policy structure with foundational (ages 3–8), preparatory (8–11), middle (11–14) and secondary (14–18) stages, replacing the 10+2 pattern.

Mid-day meal scheme

Now PM POSHAN, providing a free cooked lunch in government and aided schools to improve enrolment, attendance, retention and the nutritional status of children.