Intelligence, Creativity and Personality
Expect formula work on IQ, theory-to-theorist mapping, the factors of creativity, and the structure and assessment of personality.
Intelligence
Pioneers: Binet-Simon (first practical scale), Stern (IQ = MA/CA × 100), Wechsler (deviation IQ). Classification: 140+ gifted, 120-139 very superior, 110-119 superior, 90-109 average, 80-89 dull, 70-79 borderline, below 70 intellectual disability (mild 50-69, moderate 35-49, severe 20-34, profound below 20).
Theories: Spearman's two-factor (g and s); Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities; Guilford's structure-of-intellect (operations × contents × products); Gardner's multiple intelligences (linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic); Sternberg's triarchic (componential, experiential, contextual); Cattell's fluid and crystallised intelligence.
Creativity
Guilford's divergent-thinking factors: fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration. Creativity correlates only moderately with IQ (threshold hypothesis); the Torrance Tests measure it.
Personality
Allport: dynamic organisation of psychophysical systems; cardinal, central and secondary traits. Freud: id (pleasure principle), ego (reality), superego (morality); psychosexual stages. Jung: introversion/extraversion. Eysenck: extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism. Big Five: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. Cattell's 16PF. Projective tests (Rorschach, TAT) contrast with self-report inventories (MMPI, 16PF).
Worked example
A child of chronological age 10 has a mental age of 12. IQ = (12/10) × 100 = 120, described as superior. If a candidate computes 10/12 × 100 = 83, the error is inverting the ratio.
Traps that cost marks
Inverting the IQ formula; listing naturalistic intelligence among Gardner's original seven; treating creativity as identical with intelligence; mixing up projective and self-report tests.