Karnataka II PUC Malayalam (KSEAB) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Sandhi

The euphonic junction of two adjacent sounds, where the final sound of the first word and the initial sound of the next combine or change. In Malayalam the main types tested are svara sandhi and vyanjana sandhi.

Sandhi chchedam

The splitting of a joined word back into its component parts. A correct split must, when rejoined, produce exactly the original word with the same meaning.

Bahuvrihi samasam

A compound that names something other than its members, typically a possessor of what the members describe. Example: a compound meaning 'one with a fair complexion' denotes the person, not the complexion.

Dvandva samasam

A copulative compound whose members are joined by 'and', with each member retaining equal grammatical weight. Expanding it yields two coordinate words linked by a conjunction.

Upama alankaram

A figure of comparison in which one thing is explicitly likened to another using a comparator such as 'like' or 'as'. Both the subject and the standard of comparison are stated.

Rupaka alankaram

A metaphor in which the subject and the object of comparison are identified without any comparator word. The likeness is asserted, not suggested, as in calling a face a lotus.

Utpreksha alankaram

A figure of imagined attribution, where the poet presents a fancy or conjecture as if it were actual. The imagined idea is introduced as a possibility, often with words meaning 'perhaps' or 'as if'.

Arthantaranyasa alankaram

A figure in which a general truth is supported by a particular instance, or a particular statement is generalised. The two statements stand in a relation of corroboration.

Laghu and guru

The two metrical units of chandassu: laghu counts one matra and guru counts two. Patterns of these units across a line determine the metre and its vrittam name.

Gana in chandassu

A three-akshara metrical foot named by its pattern of laghu and guru units, such as ya, ra, ta, bha, ja, sa, ma and na. Sequences of ganas identify the vrittam.

Prasa and yamaka

Sound figures in Malayalam poetry: prasa is the repetition of initial syllables across a line or stanza, while yamaka repeats a sound with a change of meaning.

Rasa in poetry

The dominant aesthetic emotion evoked by a poem, such as karuna (compassion), veera (heroism), sringara (love) or shanta (peace). Naming a rasa requires textual evidence.

Vyakhyana of a poem

A line-group explanation giving first the literal meaning, then the implied meaning, then the emotional effect, and finally the poet's intention in choosing that expression.

Adhyatma Ramayanam

A devotional retelling of the Rama story in Malayalam by Ezhuthachan, composed in the Bhakti tradition. It is a landmark of early Malayalam devotional poetry and is recited in homes.

Thullal

A satirical dance-drama form created by Kunchan Nambiar, combining verse, dance and humour. Its varieties include Ottan, Seethankan and Parayan thullal, and it comments on social life.

Indulekha

A late nineteenth-century Malayalam novel by Chandu Menon, often cited as an early modern Malayalam novel. It is studied for its treatment of social reform and its realistic characters.

Modern poetry triumvirate

The three poets Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer, who shaped twentieth-century Malayalam poetry. Asan is known for works such as Nalini and Duravastha.

Manipravalam

A mixed literary language blending Malayalam and Sanskrit, used in early Malayalam courtly and devotional compositions. It is one of the named periods in the history of Malayalam literature.

Katha analysis headings

For a short story, examine plot and turning point, the protagonist's conflict, narrative point of view, and the resolution. Each claim should be supported by a specific incident from the text.

Nataka dramatic devices

In drama, look for soliloquy (a character speaking alone), aside (a remark unheard by others on stage), and dramatic irony (the audience knows what a character does not).

Upanyasa structure

An essay or monograph presents a thesis, develops arguments in a deliberate order, and closes with a conclusion. Examiners ask for the argument's structure rather than a plot summary.

Formal letter format

Sender's address, date, receiver's address, salutation, subject line, body, closing and signature. The opening paragraph states the purpose; the closing paragraph states the expected action.

Report writing structure

Headline, byline with reporter, place and date, a lead paragraph answering what, when, where and who, a body with detail, and a closing line. Events already over are reported in past tense.

Translation principle

Preserve meaning and register rather than word order. Idioms are rendered by an equivalent idiom in the target language, and proper nouns are transliterated rather than translated.

Notice format

A boxed announcement naming the issuing authority and answering what, when, where and whom to contact. It is written in impersonal, compact language and carries a date.

Precis writing

A condensed restatement retaining only the main idea, with examples and repetition removed. It is kept to roughly one-third of the original and adds no personal opinion.

Vocabulary in context

A word's meaning is fixed by the sentence it appears in. Choose the option matching the passage's register rather than the most common dictionary meaning of the word.

Inference question

A comprehension question asking what the author implies rather than states. The answer must be supported by the passage but not literally present, and no outside knowledge is allowed.

Suitable title rule

A title for an unseen passage must cover the whole passage rather than one paragraph. It is short, noun-based, and avoids a full sentence or a single stray detail.

Gadya theme question

A prose question asking for the lesson's message or the author's standpoint. Distinguish the surface narrative from the inner theme and support the answer with textual detail.

Significance of the title

A prose question requiring you to link the lesson's title to its central incident or recurring image, then show how that link frames the whole piece.

Project report contents

Title page, objectives, methodology, collected material or analysis, findings, conclusion and bibliography. Assessment weighs originality, relevance, independent work, organisation and presentation rather than length.