KSET flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Reflective Level of Teaching

Highest level in Hunt's classification; problem-centred teaching that develops original thinking and critical inquiry through a flexible, pupil-directed problem-solving environment in which the teacher acts as a guide.

Herbart's Five Steps

Preparation, presentation, comparison and abstraction, generalisation, and application; the sequence described by Herbart for teaching a prepared lesson at memory and understanding levels.

Micro-teaching

Scaled-down technique introduced by Allen and Ryan in 1963: a five-to-ten minute lesson taught to a small group of peers, focused on one skill, followed by feedback and re-teaching.

Formative versus Summative Evaluation

Formative assessment happens during instruction to give feedback and improve learning; summative assessment happens at the end to certify achievement and assign grades or certificates.

Type I Error

Rejecting a null hypothesis that is actually true; its probability equals alpha, usually 0.05. It is the false-positive error committed in hypothesis testing.

Type II Error

Failing to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false; its probability is beta, and statistical power equals one minus beta.

Stratified Random Sampling

Probability sampling in which the population is first divided into homogeneous strata and random samples are drawn from each stratum, giving greater precision than simple random sampling.

Content Validity

Degree to which a test covers the whole domain of content it is meant to measure, judged by expert review and syllabus blueprint rather than by statistical correlation.

Cronbach's Alpha

Index of internal consistency reliability computed from the covariances among items; values of 0.70 and above are usually treated as acceptable for research instruments.

Main Idea Question

Item asking for the central point of a passage; the correct option must cover the whole passage and be neither too broad nor too narrow in scope.

Inference in Comprehension

A conclusion drawn from evidence in the passage rather than stated directly; it must be logically supported by the text and not by outside knowledge.

Shannon-Weaver Model

Linear 1949 model with source, encoder, channel, noise, decoder and receiver; it treats communication as signal transmission and is criticised for ignoring feedback and meaning.

Proxemics

Study of how people use space in communication, distinguishing intimate, personal, social and public distances, which convey relationship and status cues.

Semantic Barrier

Barrier arising from language itself: jargon, ambiguous words, poor translation, or different meanings attached to the same word by sender and receiver.

Compound Interest Formula

Amount equals principal times (1 + r/100) raised to the power t; compound interest is amount minus principal, interest being charged on accumulated principal each period.

Average Speed, Equal Distances

When a body covers equal distances at speeds x and y, average speed is 2xy divided by (x + y), not the arithmetic mean of the two speeds.

Combination Formula nCr

The number of ways of choosing r objects from n without regard to order: n factorial divided by r factorial times (n minus r) factorial.

Square of Opposition

Diagram relating the four categorical propositions A, E, I and O by contradiction, contrariety and subcontrariety; A implies I and E implies O.

Pramana in Nyaya

Valid means of knowledge in Nyaya philosophy: perception, inference, comparison and verbal testimony; Buddhist schools accept only perception and inference as valid.

Ad Hominem Fallacy

Fallacy of attacking the person who makes a claim instead of the claim itself; the character, motive or circumstances of the arguer are irrelevant to its truth.

Strong Argument

In statement-and-argument items, an argument is strong when it is relevant to the statement, important in its consequences, and directly bears on it.

Distribution of Terms

A term is distributed when a proposition asserts something about the entire class it denotes; universal subjects and negative predicates are distributed.

Coefficient of Variation

Standard deviation divided by mean, usually expressed as a percentage; used to compare variability of data sets with different units or very different means.

Pie Chart Sector Angle

Sector angle equals category value divided by total, multiplied by 360 degrees; a one percent share of the whole equals 3.6 degrees.

LAN versus WAN

A LAN covers a small area such as a building or campus and is privately owned; a WAN spans countries and uses public or leased telecommunication links.

MOOC

Massive Open Online Course: open-access online course with unlimited enrolment; Indian examples are SWAYAM and NPTEL, delivered through a learning management system.

Phishing

Social-engineering attack in which a fraudulent message impersonates a trusted entity to trick the recipient into revealing passwords, one-time passwords or banking details.

Ten Percent Law

Lindeman's rule that only about ten percent of the energy at one trophic level passes to the next; most of the remainder is lost as heat.

Montreal Protocol

1987 treaty phasing out ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons and halons; widely cited as the most successful environmental agreement ever negotiated.

Biodiversity Hotspot Criteria

A region qualifies as a biodiversity hotspot if it has at least 1,500 endemic vascular plants and has lost at least 70 percent of its original primary vegetation.

NEP 2020 GER Target

National Education Policy 2020 target of raising the Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education from about 26 percent to 50 percent by the year 2035.

KSET Paper II

Subject paper of the Karnataka State Eligibility Test: 100 multiple-choice questions of two marks each at postgraduate level in the chosen notified subject.