Maharashtra HSC Russian (MSBSHSE) study materials
Maharashtra HSC Russian (MSBSHSE) study resources

Maharashtra HSC Russian (MSBSHSE): Grammar and Morphology

Maharashtra HSC Russian (MSBSHSE) · Work through your exam, one topic at a time.

All guide sections

Grammar and Morphology

Grammar questions test the system behind the endings: the six cases, adjective agreement, verb conjugation and aspect, verbs of motion, numerals and pronouns. Most errors are ending errors, and they are learnable as patterns rather than lists.

The six cases and their jobs

Именительный - subject. Родительный - possession, absence (нет времени), quantity (пять книг), after у, от, до, без, для. Дательный - recipient (дать другу), age (мне двадцать лет), нравиться, after по. Винительный - direct object, and в/на for motion. Творительный - instrument (писать ручкой), with с, after быть/стать. Предложный - only with a preposition: в, на, о (говорить о фильме).

Agreement

Adjectives copy gender, number and case: интересная книга, интересную книгу, интересной книгой; soft stems синий, синяя, синее.

Verbs

First conjugation has -ешь/-ет/-ем/-ете, second has -ишь/-ит/-им/-ите. Past tense is infinitive stem minus -ть plus -л/-ла/-ло/-ли: читать → читал, читала, читали. Future: буду читать (imperfective) versus прочитаю (perfective).

Numerals

один + nominative singular; два/три/четыре + genitive singular (две книги, три стола); from пять upward + genitive plural (пять книг).

Worked example

«Вчера мы ___ (пойти) в театр и ___ (смотреть) новый спектакль.» Reasoning: вчера forces the past. пойти is perfective - the completed act of setting off - so пошли. смотреть is imperfective, describing the activity, so смотрели. Посмотрели would also be grammatical but would stress the finished result rather than the evening's activity.

Traps

Nominative after prepositions; dropping -ся from reflexive verbs; confusing идти (on foot, one direction) with ехать (by vehicle); imperfective after начать, продолжать, кончить; treating the thing liked as the object of нравиться instead of its subject.