Maharashtra HSC Maharashtri Prakrut flashcards
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- Maharashtri Prakrit
- The standard literary Prakrit of the Maharashtra region, used across India as a poetic and dramatic medium; a Middle Indo-Aryan language and a major ancestor of Marathi.
- Sattasai
- An anthology of about 700 single-verse gāthās on love and rural life, attributed to Hāla; the earliest major Maharashtri literary text.
- Hāla
- Traditional compiler and patron of the Sattasai; the verses are attributed to many poets, so Hāla is not necessarily their sole author.
- Gāthā metre
- The characteristic Maharashtri lyric metre, with four pādas of 12, 18, 12, and 15 mātrās; the Sanskrit counterpart is the āryā.
- Upamā
- A simile in which the upameya is explicitly compared to the upamāna using markers such as iva, va, jahā, or tulya.
- Rūpaka
- A metaphor in which the upameya is identified with the upamāna without any comparative marker, unlike upamā.
- Utprekṣā
- A fanciful supposition or imaginative identification, often signalled by words such as jāṇa, maṇṇe, or va.
- Anuprāsa
- Alliteration: the repetition of the same consonant sound in close proximity, a common sound figure in Prakrit verse.
- Yamaka
- Repetition of identical syllables or word-forms with different meanings, a sound figure distinct from simple alliteration.
- Śṛṅgāra rasa
- The rasa of love, dominant in Maharashtri lyric; it divides into saṃyoga (union) and viyoga (separation).
- Nine rasas
- Śṛṅgāra, hāsya, karuṇa, raudra, vīra, bhayānaka, bībhatsa, adbhuta, and śānta; the standard set in Sanskrit and Prakrit poetics.
- Mukṭaka
- A single-stanza verse complete in itself, the characteristic form of the Sattasai, often ending with a punch (vakrokti).
- Vararuci
- Author of the Prākṛtaprakāśa, the standard grammar of Maharashtri Prakrit used as a reference for its grammatical rules.
- Hemacandra
- Jain grammarian and author whose grammar and Prakrit narratives are central to the later, Jain phase of Maharashtri literature.
- Kālidāsa and Prakrit
- Sanskrit playwright whose dramas use Maharashtri Prakrit in dialogue, typically assigned to women and lower-status characters.
- Middle Indo-Aryan
- The language stage between Old Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan, comprising the Prakrits and Apabhraṃśa; Maharashtri belongs here.
- Prakrit in Sanskrit drama
- Sanskrit playwrights assign Prakrit, usually Maharashtri, to women and lower-status characters, while Sanskrit is used by elite male speakers.
- Nominative singular -o
- Masculine a-stem nominative singular ending in -o, as in putto; the accusative singular ends in -aṃ.
- Genitive singular -ssa
- Masculine a-stem genitive singular ending in -ssa or -ha; the dative is largely merged with the genitive in Maharashtri.
- Locative singular -e/-mmi
- Locative singular endings -e or -mmi in Maharashtri; the locative also forms absolute constructions with participles.
- Present 3rd singular -di
- Maharashtri present third-person singular ending -di, contrasting with Sanskrit -ti; plural is -nti.
- Imperative 2nd singular -hi
- Imperative second-person singular ending -hi or -su; the optative ends in -ejjā.
- Future in -himi
- Future tense formed with -himi, -hisi, -hidi for first, second, and third singular persons respectively.
- Consonant assimilation
- Prakrit assimilates clusters: Skt. putra > putta, dharma > dhamma, sarva > savva; intervocalic single consonants are often elided.
- Anvaya
- The prose reordering of a verse's words into natural syntactic order; the standard first step in analysing a prescribed verse.
- Padaccheda
- The division of a verse into its individual words, performed after anvaya and before giving meaning, rasa, and alaṃkāra.
- Kathā prose
- Narrative prose passages in the syllabus, analysed for kathā-rasa, characterisation, and the author's Prakrit idiom versus Sanskrit loans.
- Phalaśruti
- The concluding line of a didactic passage that states the moral or benefit; a frequent short-answer target in prose questions.
- Absolutive in -ia
- A participial form such as kāūṇa meaning 'having done', marking a prior action and translated as a subordinate clause.
- Genitive absolute
- A construction with a genitive participle and noun, translated as a subordinate clause introduced by 'when' or 'since'.
- Verb-final order
- Prakrit clauses place the verb last; English translation normally reorders to subject-verb-object.
- Idiom translation
- Fixed Prakrit phrases such as kayaṃ jīvasi must be rendered as whole units, not word-for-word, to be grammatical in English.