Maharashtra HSC Sanskrit (MSBSHSE) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

मुख्य विचार

The central idea of a prescribed prose lesson or unseen passage, written in 3-5 connected Sanskrit sentences that reuse the passage's own key vocabulary instead of restating the plot.

शब्दार्थ (Gadya)

Word meanings tested from prose footnotes; questions select difficult words glossed in the textbook, so preparing those exact glosses in Sanskrit or Marathi covers the item.

सन्दर्भ (verse reference)

The opening part of a poetry answer naming the poem, its poet, and the situation of the quoted verse; a missing poet name loses the reference mark even if meaning is correct.

उपमा अलङ्कार

A simile requiring three elements: the thing compared, the standard of comparison, and a comparison word such as इव, वत्, or सदृश. Without the comparison word it becomes रूपक.

अनुष्टुभ् metre

The eight-syllable-per-quarter metre of the Ramayana and Bhagavadgita; its odd quarters follow a fixed pattern and the even quarters end in a ja-gaṇa plus a guru.

शीर्षक (unseen passage)

A short noun-phrase title for an unseen Sanskrit passage, drawn from the passage's subject; a full sentence or a moral is not accepted as a title.

क्त्वा and तुमुन् translation

Absolute and infinitive participles. In English render क्त्वा as 'having done' or a coordinated clause, and तुमुन् as 'to do'; keep tense natural in the target language.

कर्तरि to कर्मणि

Voice change: the object becomes nominative, the verb takes its passive कर्मणि form (य or त), and the agent shifts to instrumental or is dropped entirely.

विग्रहवाक्य

The expanded sentence explaining a compound, with the first member in its correct case; राज्ञः पुत्रः explains राजपुत्रः as a षष्ठीतत्पुरुष compound.

षष्ठीतत्पुरुष

A तत्पुरुष compound whose first member stands in the genitive case; the compound is उत्तरपदप्रधान, so the second member carries the meaning.

बहुव्रीहि समास

A compound where neither member is primary and the whole denotes a third entity related as adjective to noun, such as दशरथः for someone whose chariot is unrivalled.

अव्ययीभाव समास

A compound with an indeclinable first member, पूर्वपदप्रधान in meaning, and the whole declining as a neuter singular; examples include यथाशक्ति and प्रतिदिनम्.

विसर्गसन्धि rule

Before a voiced vowel or consonant, विसर्ग usually becomes र्; after अ it becomes ओ, and after आ it is absorbed as आ. Check the following sound first.

करण कारक

The instrument or means of an action, expressed in the third vibhakti; with instruments the preposition-like sense is 'by means of', as in रामेण बाणः मुक्तः.

अपादान कारक

The source from which something departs, expressed in the fifth vibhakti, often with पृथक्, विना, or आरभ्य; e.g., ग्रामात् आगच्छति.

सम्प्रदान कारक

The recipient of an action, expressed in the fourth vibhakti, typically with verbs of giving, telling, or showing; e.g., गुरवे पुस्तकं ददाति.

लङ् (imperfect)

Past tense formed from the present stem with the augment अट् and secondary personal endings; the augment takes the place of the initial vowel of the root.

विधिलिङ्

The optative mood expressing advice, possibility, or polite request, formed with the suffix या/या: कुर्यात्, गच्छेत्; common in letter writing and instructions.

तव्यत् and अनीयर्

कृदन्त suffixes expressing obligation: कृत्य means 'to be done', as in कर्तव्यम् and करणीयम्; both are declined like neuter nouns in -अ.

तुमुन् प्रत्यय

A कृदन्त suffix forming an infinitive of purpose, as in पठितुम् ('to study'); it attaches to the root and does not change with person or number.

अनुच्छेद-लेखन

Sanskrit paragraph writing on one theme in 5-8 connected sentences, with correct sandhi, consistent tense, and a clear topic sentence; a title is optional.

पत्रम् frame

The fixed letter structure: place and date, address with प्रिय or आदरणीय, a short body, a closing such as भवदीय, and the signature; omitting any part loses marks.

संवाद writing

Dialogue composition alternating named speakers, using लोट् imperatives and प्रश्न forms so the exchange stays interactive; each turn should be one short Sanskrit sentence.

भवदीय closing

The conventional respectful letter ending meaning 'yours'; it follows the body and precedes the signature in formal and semi-formal Sanskrit letters.

श्रवण परीक्षा

The oral listening test of internal assessment: the teacher reads a prescribed passage or asks spoken Sanskrit questions, and the student answers in Sanskrit.

संभाषण परीक्षा

The oral speaking component, usually a short self-introduction or dialogue in Sanskrit covering name, school, family, and favourite subject in 5-6 sentences.

प्रकल्प (project) file

The written internal-assessment project containing topic, sources, content, and conclusion, with original Sanskrit examples for every rule stated rather than copied textbook text.

वाच्यपरिवर्तन

The applied exercise converting a sentence between active and passive voice while keeping agreement of verb with the new subject and adjusting the agent's case.

सन्धिच्छेद

Splitting a joined form into valid पद parts so the sandhi rule is recoverable; splitting into impossible stems is marked wrong even if the meaning looks plausible.

रूप-लेखन

Writing the full declension or conjugation table of a given stem in order; partial tables lose marks, so list all cases or all persons and numbers.

प्रत्यय-निर्देश

An exercise asking for both the base and the suffix of a derived word, plus the sense added: पठितुम् = पठ् + तुमुन्, expressing purpose.

English to Sanskrit case choice

Decide voice first, then assign cases by role: agent nominative, object accusative, instrument instrumental, recipient dative, source ablative, possessor genitive, location locative.