Applied grammar and translation exercises (Sanskrit ↔ Marathi/English)
Applied grammar (upyojita vyākaraṇa) tests whether the rules work in your hands: sandhi-viccheda, samāsa-vigraha, filling the right vibhakti, converting between kartari and karmaṇi prayoga, and two-way translation.
What the exercises demand
- Sandhi-viccheda: split the given word and name the sandhi operating.
- Samāsa-vigraha: expand the compound into a phrase and identify the type.
- Vibhakti-filling: choose the case from the kāraka relation, not from the Marathi postposition.
- Prayoga conversion: kartari → karmaṇi moves the karma to prathamā, the kartā to tṛtīyā, and the verb to the passive.
- Translation: Sanskrit → Marathi/English and Marathi/English → Sanskrit, preserving number, person and tense.
Worked example
शिष्येण ग्रन्थः पठ्यते। पठ् + य → पठ्य-, with the ending -ते: passive, prathama puruṣa, ekavacana, so the verb agrees with ग्रन्थः (the karma, now in prathamā). शिष्येण is tṛtīyā marking the agent. English: "The book is read by the student." Marathi: "विद्यार्थ्याकडून ग्रंथ वाचला जातो." Note that Marathi marks the passive agent with कडून, not ने.
Traps
- Translating the passive agent with ने in Marathi.
- Forgetting that the passive verb agrees with the karma, not with the agent.
- Rendering ktvā ("having done") as a finite verb and splitting one sentence into two.
- Writing Marathi → Sanskrit sentences in English word order.
- Dropping the dvifīyā on the object of a transitive verb in kartari.