Maharashtra SSC Science and Technology (MSBSHSE) study plan

Label the organelles of a plant cell and an animal cell and state one specific function for each of nucleus, mitochondrion, plastid, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysosome, ribosome and vacuole.

Compare mitosis and meiosis across four points: number of divisions, number of daughter cells, change in chromosome number, and where each occurs in the human body.

Write the balanced equations for photosynthesis, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, and name the organelle or site and the energy yield of each.

Trace the path of blood through the four chambers, valves and major vessels of the human heart, and distinguish arteries, veins and capillaries by wall structure.

Describe how the nephron filters blood and reabsorbs useful material, and link one named disorder to each of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion.

Explain four biotechnology applications with a named Indian example each: tissue culture, DNA fingerprinting, stem-cell therapy and genetically modified crops.

State Newton's universal law of gravitation in words and as an equation, and use it to calculate the gravitational force between two given masses at a given separation.

Derive g = GM/R squared, use it to justify the value 9.8 m/s squared on Earth, and distinguish mass from weight with units and a numerical example.

Solve free-fall problems using the three equations of motion under gravity, and compute escape velocity from the data for Earth to obtain 11.2 km/s.

State Kepler's three laws and apply the law of periods to compare orbital periods of two satellites at different radii.

Define absolute and relative refractive index, state Snell's law, and solve numericals on refraction through a rectangular glass slab, including lateral displacement.

Draw accurate ray diagrams for a convex and a concave lens for all standard object positions, and classify each image as real or virtual, erect or inverted, magnified or diminished.

Apply the lens formula and magnification formula to numericals, and calculate power in dioptres, including a combination of two lenses in contact.

Explain myopia and hypermetropia with ray diagrams and state the type and power of the correcting lens needed.

Explain dispersion of white light through a prism, formation of a rainbow, and scattering of light to justify the blue sky and the red sunrise.

State Ohm's law, draw and interpret V-I graphs for ohmic and non-ohmic conductors, and list the four factors that affect the resistance of a wire.

Compute equivalent resistance for series and parallel combinations and solve mixed-circuit numericals with current and voltage drops.

Explain the heating effect of current, state Joule's law, and calculate electric power and energy consumption in kWh for domestic appliances, including fuse rating.

Describe the properties of magnetic field lines, apply the right-hand thumb rule to a straight conductor and a solenoid, and explain how an electromagnet differs from a permanent magnet.

Apply Fleming's left-hand rule to explain the working of an electric motor and Fleming's right-hand rule to explain electromagnetic induction and the AC generator.

Classify ten given reactions as combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement or redox, and write fully balanced equations for each.

Compare Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis definitions of acids and bases, and explain pH with one industrial and one biological application.

Name the formula and two uses each of bleaching powder, baking soda, washing soda and plaster of Paris, and explain neutralisation in everyday contexts such as antacids and soil treatment.

Explain corrosion and rancidity with chemical equations and state two methods of preventing each.

Describe electrolysis of water and the principle of electroplating, and justify why electroplating is used on jewellery and on iron parts.

State Mendeleev's periodic law and two merits and two limitations, then state the modern periodic law and locate given elements by atomic number, period and group.

Describe the sequence of metallurgical operations for aluminium and for iron: concentration of ore, roasting, calcination, reduction and electrolytic refining.

Use the reactivity series to predict displacement reactions and list the composition and one use each of steel, brass, bronze and duralumin.

Draw the structures of the first five alkanes, name them by IUPAC rules, and explain tetravalency and catenation as the reasons carbon forms so many compounds.

Identify alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid and halide functional groups in given structures and write the IUPAC name for each of them.

Describe the preparation, two properties and two uses of ethanol and ethanoic acid, and write the equations for esterification and saponification.

Distinguish soaps from detergents by composition and behaviour in hard water, and describe addition and substitution reactions with one example each.

Solve monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares, state Mendel's laws, and explain sex determination in humans and the difference between Lamarckism and Darwinian natural selection.

Distinguish heat from temperature, define specific heat capacity and latent heat, and solve calorimetry numericals involving mixing and phase change.

Explain anomalous expansion of water and its effect on aquatic life, and compare conduction, convection and radiation with one everyday example of each.

Describe the components of an ecosystem, construct a food chain and food web, and apply the 10% law to compare energy available at successive trophic levels.

Outline waste management and green energy options such as solar, wind and biogas, and state two advantages of each over fossil fuels.

Prepare an action plan for earthquake, flood and cyclone response, including the role of the National Disaster Management Authority and the meaning of each alert colour.