Grammar and Language Study (Vyakarana)
Imtihan ka maqsad
Sarf-o-nahw ka hissa Urdu zabaan ke qawaid dekhta hai: kalma ki aqsam, ism, fail, harf, wahid-jama, muzakkar-muannas, zameer, sift, fail-e-mutaaddi aur fail-e-lazim, harf-e-jarr aur jumla saazi. Sawal pehchan, durust istemal aur jumla mein tabdeeli ki shakl mein aate hain.
Bunyadi usool
- Ism kisi cheez, jagah, shakhs ya khayal ka naam hota hai; ism-e-khas khaas naam, ism-e-aam aam naam.
- Fail kaam batata hai; fail-e-mutaaddi ke saath mafool hota hai, fail-e-lazim ke saath nahin.
- Harf-e-jarr rishta banata hai, jaise mein, par, se, tak, ke liye.
- Wahid se jama banane mein aakhir badalta hai; muzakkar-muannas mein matching zaroori hai.
- Jumla mein fa'il, fail aur mafool ki tarteeb aur matching dekho.
Mashq ka tareeqa
Misol: Ahmed ne aam khaya. Yahan Ahmed fa'il hai, khaya fail hai aur aam mafool hai. Fail-e-mutaaddi hai kyunke kaam ka asar aam tak pahuncha. Agar jumla ho bachcha so gaya to so gaya fail-e-lazim hai, kyunke mafool nahin. Jawab dete waqt pehle kalma pehchano, phir uski qism aur wajah likho.
Aam ghaltiyan
- Ism-e-sift ko ism samajh lena.
- Harf-e-jarr ko fail samajhna.
- Muzakkar-muannas mein fail ki matching bhoolna.
- Fail-e-mutaaddi aur fail-e-lazim mein mafool ki maujoodgi na dekhna.