MAHA TET Paper 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Object permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight; it develops in Piaget's sensorimotor stage, usually between eight and twelve months, and underlies early memory and mental representation.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the same learner can do with adult or more capable peer guidance; instruction is most effective inside this zone.

Conservation (Piaget)

The recognition that quantity, mass, length or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement; it is absent in preoperational children and appears in the concrete operational stage.

Egocentrism

The preoperational child's inability to take another person's viewpoint, shown in Piaget's three-mountains task and in collective monologue where the child talks without adapting to the listener.

Operant reinforcement

Skinner's principle that a consequence increases the probability of a behaviour; positive reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant one, and neither is punishment.

Inclusive education

Schooling in which children with disabilities and diverse backgrounds learn in the same regular classroom as their peers, with adapted curriculum, aids and support, as required by the RTE Act.

Formative assessment

Continuous, diagnostic assessment carried out during teaching to give feedback and adjust instruction; it is assessment for learning and is not meant to rank or grade the child.

Multiple intelligences

Gardner's theory that intelligence is not one general ability but several relatively independent ones, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic intelligences.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in a language, such as the difference between /p/ and /b/ in pat and bat; English has roughly forty-four phonemes.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of language that carries meaning; a free morpheme can stand alone as a word, while a bound morpheme must attach to another, as in un- or -ed.

Skimming and scanning

Two fast reading strategies: skimming moves quickly through a text for the general idea, while scanning searches for one specific detail such as a date, name or figure.

Language acquisition

The subconscious, natural mastery of a first language through exposure and meaningful interaction; Krashen distinguishes it from learning, which is the conscious study of rules.

Cloze test

A passage in which words are deleted at regular intervals for the learner to supply from context; it measures reading comprehension along with grammatical and lexical knowledge.

Bilingual approach

Using the child's home language alongside the school language as a resource for building concepts, rather than forbidding the home language in the classroom.

Definite article

The word the, used before a noun that is specific or already mentioned; it is not used with plural or uncountable nouns taken in a general sense.

Present perfect tense

Formed with have or has plus the past participle; it expresses a past action connected to the present, or an experience whose exact time is not stated.

Passive voice

A construction made with a form of be plus the past participle, in which the object of the active sentence becomes the subject; the doer may appear in a by-phrase or be omitted.

Backshift

Moving a verb one step further into the past when reporting speech, so that I am tired becomes she said she was tired; universal truths are exempt from backshift.

Phonics method

A method of teaching reading that links letters to their sounds and blends them, for example c-a-t into cat; it contrasts with the whole-word or look-and-say method.

L1 interference

Transfer of mother-tongue patterns into the second language, producing systematic errors in articles, prepositions, word order or pronunciation rather than random mistakes.

Place value

The value a digit carries because of its position in a numeral; each place is ten times the value of the place immediately to its right.

HCF and LCM

The HCF is the greatest number that divides two given numbers; the LCM is the smallest number that both divide into; their product equals the product of the two numbers.

Unitary method

A procedure that first finds the value of one unit and then multiplies to obtain the value of the required number of units, used in direct and inverse proportion problems.

Van Hiele levels

Five levels of geometric thinking, namely visualization, analysis, informal deduction, formal deduction and rigor; teaching activities should be pitched one level above the learner's current level.

Area of a triangle

Half the product of the base and the height measured perpendicular to that base, written as A equals one-half times b times h.

Diagnostic test

A test designed to locate the specific nature of a learning difficulty, such as borrowing in subtraction or unit conversion, so that remediation can be aimed at that point.

Water cycle

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation and collection, driven by solar energy, which maintains the supply of fresh water on land.

Balanced diet

Food that supplies energy-giving, body-building and protective nutrients in correct proportion, together with roughage and adequate water, to keep the body healthy.

Food chain

A sequence showing which organism eats which, beginning with producers such as green plants, continuing through consumers, and ending with decomposers that return nutrients to the soil.

Adaptation

Any body structure, physiological feature or behaviour that helps an organism survive in its habitat, such as a camel's hump, a fish's gills or a bird's beak.

Project method in EVS

A learner-centred approach in which children investigate a real local problem, plan the work, collect and record data and present findings, integrating science, social studies and environment.

Composition of air

Air is about seventy-eight per cent nitrogen, twenty-one per cent oxygen and one per cent other gases including carbon dioxide and argon; oxygen supports burning and respiration.