MP PAT key terms

Practice of growing different crops in a planned sequence on the same field across seasons to reduce pests, manage soil nutrients, and improve yield stability.

A crop grown mainly to be ploughed into the soil while still green, adding organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen to improve soil fertility.

Horticultural technique joining a scion shoot to a rootstock so they unite and grow as one plant, used to propagate fruit trees and combine useful root and shoot traits.

Deliberate removal of branches, shoots, or roots from a plant to shape growth, improve light penetration and air movement, and encourage fruiting or flowering.

Decision-based approach that combines cultural, biological, mechanical, and chemical methods to keep pest populations below economic injury levels while limiting pesticide use and resistance.

Use of living organisms such as predators, parasitoids, or pathogens to suppress pest populations, often as a component of integrated pest management.

Moving young seedlings from a nursery bed to the main field after they reach a suitable size, allowing better spacing, crop establishment, and early season management.

Applying fungicides, insecticides, or beneficial microbes to seeds before sowing to protect germinating seeds and seedlings from soil-borne pests and diseases.

Growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field in defined rows or strips, aiming to use land, water, and light more efficiently and spread risk.

The amount of water remaining in soil after excess gravitational water has drained away, often used to judge irrigation needs and available soil moisture.

Method that delivers water slowly and directly near plant roots through tubes and emitters, saving water and reducing evaporation and foliar disease compared with flood irrigation.

First milk secreted by a mammal after giving birth, rich in antibodies and nutrients, which newborn animals need promptly for passive immunity and survival.

Difference between gross income from a crop or enterprise and its variable costs, used in farm planning to compare profitability of alternatives.

Educational process that helps farmers learn and apply improved agricultural practices through demonstrations, advisory visits, field days, and practical training.

Turning effect of a force about an axis, calculated as force multiplied by perpendicular distance from the axis to the force's line of action.

Periodic motion in which acceleration is directly proportional to displacement from a fixed point and always directed toward it, as in an ideal pendulum.

Tendency of a liquid surface to behave like a stretched membrane because molecules at the surface have unbalanced cohesive forces pulling them inward.

Quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one degree Celsius (or one kelvin) without changing its state.

For a conductor at constant temperature, current is directly proportional to potential difference across it, so V = IR, where R is resistance.

Ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a given medium, describing how strongly the medium bends light.

Amount of substance containing Avogadro's number (6.022×10^23) of particles; used to relate mass, volume of gas, and number of particles in calculations.

Concentration unit expressed as moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution; it changes slightly with temperature because solution volume changes.

Scale from about 0 to 14 measuring hydrogen ion concentration; values below 7 are acidic, 7 neutral, and above 7 basic.

Solution that resists large changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added, usually containing a weak acid and its conjugate base.

Charge an atom would have if electrons in its bonds were assigned to the more electronegative atom; used to track electron transfer in redox reactions.

Relation PV = nRT linking pressure, volume, amount of gas, and absolute temperature for an ideal gas, with R as the gas constant.

Instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect to a variable, interpreted graphically as the slope of the tangent to the curve at a point.

Number obtained by integrating a function between two limits, representing accumulated change or the signed area under a curve over that interval.

Arrangement of a set of items in a specific order; the number of permutations of n distinct items taken r at a time is n!/(n−r)!.

Measure between 0 and 1 of how likely an event is, calculated for equally likely outcomes as favourable outcomes divided by total outcomes.

Sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by adding a fixed constant called the common difference, for example 3, 7, 11, 15.

Measure of spread showing typical distance of data values from their mean, calculated as the square root of the variance.

Process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds, releasing oxygen.

Series of metabolic reactions in cells that release energy from organic molecules, often using oxygen, and produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

Type of cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the parent, important for growth and repair.

Specialised cell division producing four daughter cells with half the parent's chromosome number, creating genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment.

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to one of lower water potential, without requiring metabolic energy.

Protein biological catalyst that speeds up a specific chemical reaction by lowering activation energy and is not consumed in the reaction.