NEET-MDS flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Axillary artery parts

The axillary artery is divided into three parts by the pectoralis minor muscle; its branches include superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, subscapular, and circumflex humeral arteries.

Femoral triangle contents

From lateral to medial, the femoral triangle contains the femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, empty space, and lymphatics; the boundaries are inguinal ligament, sartorius, and adductor longus.

Diaphragm aperture levels

The inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm at T8, the esophagus at T10, and the aorta at T12; the right crus surrounds the esophageal hiatus.

Renal clearance formula

Renal clearance of a substance equals urine concentration times urine flow rate divided by plasma concentration; inulin clearance estimates GFR and PAH clearance estimates effective renal plasma flow.

Michaelis-Menten Km

Km is the substrate concentration at which enzyme velocity is half of Vmax; a low Km indicates high substrate affinity, and the Lineweaver-Burk plot y-intercept equals 1/Vmax.

Oxygen-hemoglobin curve shifts

The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts right with increased carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion, temperature, and 2,3-BPG; it shifts left with fetal hemoglobin, carbon monoxide, alkalosis, and hypothermia.

Virchow triad

Virchow triad consists of endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow such as stasis or turbulence, and hypercoagulability; these three factors predispose to thrombosis.

Granuloma composition

A granuloma contains epithelioid macrophages and Langhans giant cells surrounded by lymphocytes; common causes include tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, leprosy, and fungal infections.

Amyloid stain

Amyloid deposits stain with Congo red and show apple-green birefringence under polarized light; they consist of beta-pleated sheet proteins and can be systemic or localized.

Autoclave parameters

Standard autoclaving uses 121 degrees Celsius at 15 psi for 15 minutes; this moist heat kills bacteria and bacterial spores and is used for heat-stable instruments.

Beta-lactam mechanism

Beta-lactam antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall transpeptidase, blocking peptidoglycan cross-linking; they are effective against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but not mycobacteria.

RIPE regimen

The RIPE regimen for tuberculosis uses rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol; isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis and ethambutol can cause optic neuritis.

FDI tooth numbering

FDI permanent teeth are numbered 11 through 48 and primary teeth 51 through 85; the first digit indicates the quadrant and the second digit indicates tooth position.

Periodontal ligament fibers

Principal periodontal ligament fibers include alveolar crest, horizontal, oblique, apical, and interradicular groups; oblique fibers are most numerous and resist axial occlusal forces.

Leukoplakia definition

Leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque that cannot be rubbed off and has no identifiable cause; dysplasia on biopsy increases the risk of malignant transformation.

Pemphigus vulgaris

Pemphigus vulgaris is an intraepithelial autoimmune disease caused by IgG antibodies against desmoglein 3; Nikolsky sign is positive and Tzanck smear shows acantholytic cells.

Trigeminal neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia causes paroxysmal lancinating facial pain in the distribution of the second or third trigeminal division; carbamazepine is the first-line drug treatment.

Lamina dura

The lamina dura is the radiopaque line of alveolar bone lining the tooth socket; its loss suggests periapical disease, periodontal disease, or altered bone metabolism.

Ludwig angina

Ludwig angina is bilateral cellulitis of the submandibular, sublingual, and submental spaces; it can obstruct the airway and requires urgent antibiotic therapy and surgical drainage.

Le Fort fractures

Le Fort I is a low maxillary fracture, Le Fort II is pyramidal through the nasofrontal suture, and Le Fort III is craniofacial disjunction through the nasofrontal suture and zygomatic arches.

Clinical attachment level

Clinical attachment level is the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the periodontal pocket base; it measures attachment loss, unlike probing depth, which starts at the gingival margin.

Red complex bacteria

The red complex periodontal pathogens are Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia; they are strongly associated with severe chronic periodontitis.

Working length

Endodontic working length is the distance from a coronal reference point to the apical constriction; it is verified with an apex locator and radiograph before canal preparation.

Avulsion transport media

An avulsed permanent tooth should be replanted immediately if possible; milk or Hanks balanced salt solution is a suitable transport medium when immediate replantation is not feasible.

Kennedy Class I

Kennedy Class I removable partial denture has bilateral edentulous posterior areas with natural teeth anterior to the edentulous spaces; it is a bilateral distal extension situation.

Centric relation

Centric relation is a maxillomandibular relationship with the condyles in an anterior-superior position against the articular eminence; it is used as a reference for complete denture occlusion.

ANB angle

The ANB angle is the difference between SNA and SNB angles; it estimates the anteroposterior skeletal relationship between the maxilla and mandible in cephalometric analysis.

Anchorage in orthodontics

Anchorage is resistance to unwanted tooth movement during orthodontic force application; maximum anchorage requires minimizing reaction forces on anchor teeth, often with extraoral or skeletal devices.

Early childhood caries

Early childhood caries affects primary maxillary incisors first and is associated with frequent sugar exposure, bottle feeding, and poor oral hygiene in young children.

Pulpotomy vs pulpectomy

Pulpotomy removes the coronal pulp and preserves the radicular pulp; pulpectomy removes all pulp tissue and fills the canal with a resorbable material in primary teeth.

DMFT index

The DMFT index counts decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth; dmft is its primary dentition equivalent and measures caries experience in an individual or population.

Screening sensitivity

Sensitivity is the proportion of truly diseased people who test positive; specificity is the proportion of truly healthy people who test negative; predictive values depend on disease prevalence.