NEET PG flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Erb palsy

Brachial plexus injury of C5-C6 roots causing waiter's tip posture with arm adducted, internally rotated, elbow extended, and forearm pronated; often from shoulder dystocia or birth trauma.

Filtration fraction

Ratio of glomerular filtration rate to renal plasma flow, normally about 0.2; calculated as GFR divided by renal plasma flow, reflecting the fraction of plasma filtered at the glomerulus.

Rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis

Phosphofructokinase-1 catalyses fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; it is the committed step of glycolysis and is activated by AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, inhibited by ATP and citrate.

Reversible versus irreversible injury

Reversible injury shows cell swelling and fatty change with intact membrane; irreversible injury shows membrane rupture, mitochondrial permeability transition, and nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, or karyorrhexis.

Type III hypersensitivity

Immune complex mediated injury where antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, activating complement and neutrophils; examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, and serum sickness.

Congo red amyloid

Amyloid deposits stain with Congo red and show apple-green birefringence under polarised light because of their beta-pleated sheet structure; AL and AA are the common amyloid types.

Optochin sensitivity

Streptococcus pneumoniae is optochin sensitive and bile soluble, distinguishing it from viridans streptococci, which are optochin resistant and bile insoluble; both are alpha-haemolytic.

Hepatitis B serology window

During the window period HBsAg has cleared but anti-HBs has not yet appeared; anti-HBc IgM is the sole positive marker indicating recent acute hepatitis B infection.

Dengue NS1 antigen

Non-structural protein 1 is detectable in serum from day 0 to about day 5 of dengue illness, before IgM appears around day 5; it supports early diagnosis of acute infection.

Zero-order kinetics drugs

Phenytoin, ethanol, and high-dose salicylates show saturation kinetics where a constant amount is eliminated per unit time; half-life increases with dose and toxicity risk rises.

Pralidoxime in organophosphate poisoning

An oxime that reactivates acetylcholinesterase by removing the phosphate group before enzyme ageing occurs; it is given with atropine, which controls muscarinic symptoms but not neuromuscular weakness.

Digoxin mechanism

Digoxin inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, raising intracellular sodium and calcium, which increases contractility; it also increases vagal tone, slowing atrioventricular conduction.

Hanging ligature mark

In hanging the ligature mark is oblique, incomplete, and situated above the thyroid cartilage, rising towards the knot; in strangulation the mark is horizontal, continuous, and below the thyroid cartilage.

Cherry-red lividity

A pink or cherry-red postmortem lividity suggests carbon monoxide poisoning, because carboxyhaemoglobin has a bright red colour; cyanide poisoning may also produce pink lividity.

Rigor mortis timeline

Rigor mortis begins in small muscles of the face and neck within one to two hours, becomes maximal around twelve hours, and resolves by twenty-four to thirty-six hours depending on ambient temperature.

Herd immunity threshold

The proportion of a population needing immunity to interrupt transmission, calculated as 1 minus 1/R0; measles with R0 of 12 to 18 requires about 92 to 95 percent coverage.

Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity is true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives; specificity is true negatives divided by true negatives plus false positives; both are intrinsic test properties independent of prevalence.

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births in a given year; it reflects maternal and child health and socioeconomic conditions of a population.

Diabetic ketoacidosis management

Treat with isotonic saline resuscitation, intravenous insulin infusion, and potassium replacement once serum potassium is below 5.5 mmol/L; monitor glucose, ketones, and electrolytes closely.

Pemphigus vulgaris

An autoimmune blistering disease with IgG antibodies against desmoglein 3, causing intraepidermal flaccid bullae, oral mucosal erosions, and a positive Nikolsky sign; treated with corticosteroids and rituximab.

Neonatal physiological jaundice

Jaundice appearing after the first 24 hours, peaking on days 3 to 5, from immature hepatic conjugation and increased red cell turnover; pathological if within 24 hours or with a rapid bilirubin rise.

Alvarado score

A clinical score for acute appendicitis using migration of pain, anorexia, nausea, tenderness, rebound, fever, leucocytosis, and neutrophil shift; a score of 7 or more suggests appendicectomy.

Compartment syndrome signs

Pain out of proportion and pain on passive stretch are early signs, with paraesthesia and tense compartment; pulselessness is a late finding; urgent fasciotomy is required to prevent muscle necrosis.

Malignant hyperthermia treatment

Dantrolene 2.5 mg/kg intravenously, repeated as needed, with cooling, hyperventilation, and treatment of hyperkalaemia; it is triggered by volatile anaesthetics and succinylcholine in susceptible patients.

Latanoprost mechanism

A prostaglandin F2-alpha analogue that lowers intraocular pressure mainly by increasing uveoscleral outflow; it is first-line for primary open-angle glaucoma and may cause iris darkening and eyelash growth.

Magnesium sulphate in eclampsia

Loading dose of 4 to 6 g intravenously over 20 minutes, then 1 to 2 g per hour; monitor deep tendon reflexes, respiratory rate, and urine output; calcium gluconate reverses toxicity.

Naegele rule

Estimated date of delivery is calculated by adding 280 days, or nine months and seven days, to the first day of the last menstrual period, assuming a regular 28-day cycle.

Postpartum haemorrhage definition

Blood loss exceeding 500 mL after vaginal delivery or 1000 mL after caesarean delivery, or any loss causing haemodynamic instability; uterine atony is the commonest cause and oxytocin is first-line therapy.

PCOS Rotterdam criteria

Diagnosis requires two of three features: oligo-ovulation or anovulation, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound, after excluding other causes.

Informed consent elements

Valid consent requires patient capacity, adequate disclosure of risks, benefits, and alternatives, comprehension of that information, and voluntary decision-making without coercion; the discussion should be documented.

Res ipsa loquitur

A negligence doctrine where the injury could not occur without negligence, shifting the burden of proof to the defendant; the injury must be within the defendant's exclusive control.

Never events

Serious preventable patient safety incidents such as wrong-site surgery, retained surgical instruments, or wrong-patient procedures; they require mandatory reporting and root cause analysis.