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NIACL AO practice questions

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Question 1English Language

In the sentence 'The committee, after reviewing the audit report, decided to postpone the merger,' the phrase 'after reviewing the audit report' functions as which of the following?

  1. A participial phrase modifying 'committee'
  2. A prepositional phrase acting as an adjective
  3. A noun phrase in apposition
  4. An adverbial clause of time Correct answer.

Explanation

The group of words has a subject ('the committee' understood) and a non-finite verb 'reviewing' introduced by the subordinator 'after', so it is a non-finite adverbial clause showing time. It modifies the main verb 'decided' by telling when the decision was taken, not the noun 'committee'.

Question 2English Language

Choose the option that correctly fills the blank: 'The Regional Manager insisted that every branch ____ its compliance certificate before the inspection.'

  1. has submitted
  2. submit Correct answer.
  3. submitted
  4. submits

Explanation

Verbs of insistence and demand (insist, demand, require, recommend) take a mandative subjunctive in the that-clause, and the subjunctive uses the base form 'submit' regardless of the subject. 'Every branch' is singular, but the subjunctive ignores subject-verb agreement.

Question 3English Language

Which word is closest in meaning to 'laconic' as used in a remark such as 'His laconic reply ended the discussion'?

  1. Eloquent
  2. Hostile
  3. Terse Correct answer.
  4. Evasive

Explanation

'Laconic' describes speech that uses very few words, so 'terse' is the closest synonym. The word says nothing about the speaker's mood or truthfulness, which is why the other options do not fit.

Question 4English Language

In the sentence 'Neither the underwriters nor the claims officer was available for comment,' why is the singular verb 'was' acceptable?

  1. Because the verb agrees with the nearer subject 'the claims officer' under the proximity rule Correct answer.
  2. Because 'neither' always governs a singular verb regardless of the second subject
  3. Because 'available' is a singular adjective that forces a singular verb
  4. Because 'nor' makes the whole sentence negative and negatives take singular verbs

Explanation

With correlative conjunctions 'neither...nor', the verb agrees with the subject closest to it, which here is the singular 'the claims officer'. If the order were reversed and the nearer subject were plural, a plural verb would be required.

Question 5English Language

Identify the error in: 'The bank has been sanctioned a loan of five crore rupees to the infrastructure firm last month.'

  1. 'five crore rupees' should be 'five crores rupees'
  2. 'to the infrastructure firm' should be 'for the infrastructure firm'
  3. 'last month' should be 'in the last month'
  4. 'has been sanctioned' should be 'sanctioned' Correct answer.

Explanation

A definite past time marker such as 'last month' requires the simple past 'sanctioned', not the present perfect 'has been sanctioned'. The present perfect cannot co-occur with a finished past time expression.

Question 6English Language

Which sentence uses the idiom 'to bear out' correctly in an official context?

  1. The branch must bear out the cost of the new software.
  2. The clerk was asked to bear out the file to the manager.
  3. The documents bear out the officer's version of events. Correct answer.
  4. The auditor will bear out the discrepancies in the ledger.

Explanation

'Bear out' means to confirm or support a statement or claim, so evidence bearing out someone's account is the correct use. The verb takes a person or claim as its object and does not mean to tolerate, pay for, or carry something.

Question 7English Language

Choose the correct word: 'The new premium slab will ____ a large section of policyholders, and the bank must estimate how many will be ____.'

  1. affect; affected Correct answer.
  2. effect; affected
  3. effect; effected
  4. affect; effected

Explanation

'Affect' is the verb meaning to influence, while 'effect' as a verb means to bring about. The second blank needs the past participle of 'affect' in the passive sense of being influenced, giving 'affect; affected'.

Question 8English Language

In the sentence 'Having verified the claim, the settlement was approved by the officer,' what is the error?

  1. The perfect participle 'having verified' should be 'having been verified'
  2. 'approved by the officer' should be 'approved from the officer'
  3. The dangling participle makes it seem the settlement verified the claim Correct answer.
  4. The sentence should use 'was being approved' for a completed action

Explanation

A participial phrase at the start of a sentence modifies the subject of the main clause. Here the subject is 'the settlement', which cannot verify a claim, so the participle is dangling and the sentence must be recast.

Question 9English Language

Which option best replaces the underlined part to make the sentence grammatically sound: 'No sooner had the circular been issued ___ the branches began revising their targets.'

  1. than Correct answer.
  2. when
  3. then
  4. that

Explanation

The fixed correlative construction is 'no sooner...than', used with inversion of subject and auxiliary after the negative adverbial. 'Then' is a time adverb, and 'when' belongs to 'hardly...when', not to 'no sooner'.

Question 10English Language

Which sentence correctly uses the article system?

  1. The officer was appointed as an Assistant General Manager of bank.
  2. The officer was appointed as Assistant General Manager of the bank. Correct answer.
  3. The officer was appointed as the Assistant General Manager of a bank.
  4. The officer was appointed as Assistant General Manager of a bank.

Explanation

Titles used after 'appointed as' normally drop the article, and 'the bank' refers to a specific institution already known. This gives 'appointed as Assistant General Manager of the bank'.

Question 11English Language

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of 'The committee turned down the proposal, but not before it had been debated at length.'

  1. The committee rejected the proposal after a long debate. Correct answer.
  2. The committee postponed the proposal until a later debate.
  3. The committee rejected the proposal without any debate.
  4. The committee accepted the proposal after a long debate.

Explanation

'Turned down' means rejected, and 'not before it had been debated at length' means the rejection came after extensive discussion. The sentence therefore reports a rejection following a lengthy debate.

Question 12English Language

Which word is most nearly opposite in meaning to 'frugal' in the context of branch expenditure?

  1. Extravagant Correct answer.
  2. Austere
  3. Thrifty
  4. Prudent

Explanation

'Frugal' means economical or sparing in spending, so its antonym is 'extravagant', meaning wasteful. 'Thrifty', 'prudent', and 'austere' are all near-synonyms rather than opposites.

Question 13English Language

In the sentence 'The auditor, together with his two assistants, ____ expected to arrive by noon,' which verb correctly completes it?

  1. were
  2. are
  3. have been
  4. is Correct answer.

Explanation

A phrase introduced by 'together with' is parenthetical and does not change the number of the subject. The true subject is the singular 'The auditor', so the singular verb 'is' is required.

Question 14English Language

Which sentence uses the colon correctly in formal administrative writing?

  1. The branch needs three things; namely: staff, software and space.
  2. The branch needs: staff, software and space.
  3. The branch needs three things: staff, software and space. Correct answer.
  4. The branch needs three things, namely: staff, software and space.

Explanation

A colon must follow a complete independent clause before introducing a list, and 'The branch needs three things' is complete. The colon then introduces the enumeration without any intervening punctuation.

Question 15English Language

Which option correctly completes the sentence: 'If the bank ____ the new policy earlier, the losses would have been smaller.'

  1. would adopt
  2. adopted
  3. has adopted
  4. had adopted Correct answer.

Explanation

This is a third conditional, expressing an unreal past condition with a past result. The if-clause therefore takes the past perfect 'had adopted', paired with 'would have been' in the main clause.

Question 16English Language

Identify the voice and its effect in: 'The discrepancies were overlooked by the reviewing officer.'

  1. Active voice, with an inverted object
  2. Passive voice, focusing on the discrepancies and omitting blame Correct answer.
  3. Passive voice, with the agent deliberately deleted
  4. Active voice, focusing on the officer's action

Explanation

The sentence is passive because the subject 'the discrepancies' receives the action and the agent is introduced with 'by'. The passive places the discrepancies in focus while still naming the officer as agent, so the agent is not deleted.

Question 17English Language

Choose the option that best combines the two sentences without changing the meaning: 'The report was incomplete. The committee rejected it.'

  1. The report was incomplete, but the committee rejected it.
  2. The report was incomplete because the committee rejected it.
  3. The report was incomplete, so the committee rejected it. Correct answer.
  4. Although the report was incomplete, the committee rejected it.

Explanation

The two facts have a cause-and-result relationship: incompleteness led to rejection. The conjunction 'so' expresses that result accurately, whereas contrast and reversed causation distort the logic.

Question 18English Language

Which sentence contains a misplaced modifier?

  1. The officer sitting at the desk reviewed the file.
  2. The officer reviewed the file sitting at the desk. Correct answer.
  3. The officer, who was sitting at the desk, reviewed the file.
  4. Sitting at the desk, the officer reviewed the file.

Explanation

In the first sentence, 'sitting at the desk' is placed next to 'the file', so it appears to describe the file rather than the officer. Moving the phrase next to 'the officer', as in the other options, removes the ambiguity.

Question 19English Language

Choose the correct preposition: 'The bank has complied ____ the revised norms ____ customer identification.'

  1. to; for
  2. for; about
  3. with; on
  4. with; regarding Correct answer.

Explanation

The verb 'comply' is followed by the preposition 'with', and 'regarding' appropriately introduces the subject matter of the norms. 'Comply to' and 'comply for' are not standard collocations.

Question 20English Language

In the sentence 'Hardly had the branch opened when the first customer arrived,' why is the auxiliary placed before the subject?

  1. Because 'when' clauses require the main verb to be inverted
  2. Because the past perfect tense always requires inversion in English
  3. Because negative or restrictive adverbs at the start of a clause trigger subject-auxiliary inversion Correct answer.
  4. Because 'hardly' is a conjunction that always precedes a question form

Explanation

When a negative or restrictive adverbial such as 'hardly', 'scarcely', or 'never' opens a clause, the subject and auxiliary invert, producing 'Hardly had the branch opened'. The inversion is a stylistic requirement of the fronted negative element.

Question 21English Language

Which option gives the correct meaning of the phrasal verb in: 'The board decided to put off the announcement until the audit was complete.'

  1. Publish
  2. Cancel
  3. Postpone Correct answer.
  4. Reject

Explanation

'Put off' means to postpone or delay something to a later time, which fits the deferral until the audit finishes. It does not mean to cancel outright or to publish.

Question 22English Language

Choose the option that correctly completes the sentence with a suitable relative pronoun: 'The officer ____ handled the complaint has been transferred.'

  1. whom
  2. whose
  3. which
  4. who Correct answer.

Explanation

The relative pronoun is the subject of 'handled', and its antecedent 'the officer' is a person, so the nominative 'who' is required. 'Whom' would be used only for an object, and 'which' cannot refer to a person.

Question 23English Language

Which sentence uses 'lie' and 'lay' correctly?

  1. The files lay on the table yesterday, so please lie them in the drawer now.
  2. The files laid on the table yesterday, so please lie them in the drawer now.
  3. The files lied on the table yesterday, so please lay them in the drawer now.
  4. The files lay on the table yesterday, so please lay them in the drawer now. Correct answer.

Explanation

'Lie' is intransitive and its past form is 'lay', so files resting on a table 'lay' there. 'Lay' is transitive and takes an object, so placing the files in a drawer means 'lay them'.

Question 24English Language

Which option best replaces the underlined portion to make the sentence formal and precise: 'The committee is of the opinion that the matter should be looked into immediately.'

  1. recommends that the matter be investigated immediately Correct answer.
  2. feels the matter should get looked into immediately
  3. believes the matter must be looked into
  4. thinks the matter needs looking into

Explanation

'Recommends that the matter be investigated' is formal, precise, and correctly uses the mandative subjunctive after 'recommends'. It also replaces the vague phrasal verb 'looked into' with the exact verb 'investigated'.

Question 25English Language

In the sentence 'The manager denied having approved the transfer,' what is the grammatical form of 'having approved' and its function?

  1. A perfect gerund functioning as the object of 'denied' Correct answer.
  2. A past participle in a passive construction
  3. An infinitive phrase acting as a subject complement
  4. A present participle forming a continuous tense

Explanation

'Having approved' is a perfect gerund, made of 'having' plus a past participle, and it serves as the direct object of the verb 'denied'. The perfect form shows that the approval happened before the denial.

Question 26English Language

In the sentence 'The regional manager insisted that every branch submit its reconciliation report by Friday', what is the mood and function of the verb 'submit'?

  1. Imperative, issuing a direct order to the reader
  2. Subjunctive, expressing a demand after 'insisted that' Correct answer.
  3. Indicative, stating a completed fact about the branches
  4. Infinitive, functioning as the object of 'insisted'

Explanation

Verbs such as insist, demand, recommend and request followed by a 'that' clause take the base form of the verb in the subjunctive mood, regardless of the subject. 'Submit' therefore carries a demanded action rather than a stated fact. This structure is common in formal administrative drafting.

Question 27English Language

Choose the option that correctly completes the sentence: 'Scarcely ____ the audit begun when the discrepancies came to light.'

  1. have
  2. having
  3. had Correct answer.
  4. has

Explanation

Negative or restrictive openers such as scarcely, hardly and no sooner trigger inversion and, in this past narrative, require the past perfect auxiliary 'had' before the subject. The full clause is 'Scarcely had the audit begun'. The singular subject 'audit' also rules out 'have'.

Question 28English Language

Identify the grammatical error in: 'The committee discussed about the new premium structure for more than two hours.'

  1. 'premium structure' needs a hyphen
  2. 'discussed' should be 'discussed on'
  3. 'for more than' should be 'since more than'
  4. 'about' is redundant after the transitive verb 'discussed' Correct answer.

Explanation

'Discuss' is a transitive verb that takes a direct object, so no preposition is needed: 'discussed the new premium structure'. The preposition 'about' belongs with intransitive verbs such as 'talk' or 'argue'. Indian English writing frequently carries over this error from speech.

Question 29English Language

Which option best replaces the underlined part to make the sentence precise and formal: 'The circular was sent to all the branches, and it was asking them for details of pending claims.'

  1. and asking them for details of pending claims
  2. which asked them for details of pending claims
  3. and it asked them for details of pending claims
  4. asking them for details of pending claims Correct answer.

Explanation

A participial phrase ('asking them for details of pending claims') attaches economically to the main clause and removes the loose 'and it was' construction. This produces a compact, formal sentence typical of official correspondence. The participle's implied subject, the circular, is the same as the main clause subject, so no dangling modifier arises.

Question 30English Language

In the sentence 'The underwriter objected to the proposal being cleared without a fresh valuation', what is the grammatical status of 'being cleared'?

  1. An infinitive phrase expressing purpose
  2. A gerund passive construction functioning as the object of the preposition 'to' Correct answer.
  3. A present participle modifying 'proposal'
  4. A finite passive verb in the present continuous

Explanation

After the preposition 'to', the verb must take a gerund form; 'being cleared' is the passive gerund, and the whole phrase 'the proposal being cleared without a fresh valuation' is the prepositional object. The passive gerund shifts the focus to the proposal rather than to whoever cleared it.

Question 31English Language

Choose the option that correctly completes the sentence: 'The branch manager is one of those officers who ____ always verified the KYC records personally.'

  1. has
  2. was
  3. have Correct answer.
  4. is

Explanation

In the pattern 'one of those who', the relative pronoun 'who' refers to the plural noun 'officers', so the verb must be plural: 'who have always verified'. The singular 'one' governs the main verb, but not the verb inside the relative clause. This distinction is a standard test point in error-spotting sections.

Question 32English Language

Which sentence uses the semicolon correctly in formal administrative writing?

  1. The audit was completed on time; and the reconciliation remained pending.
  2. The audit was completed on time; although the reconciliation remained pending.
  3. The audit was completed; on time and the reconciliation remained pending.
  4. The audit was completed on time; the reconciliation, however, remained pending. Correct answer.

Explanation

A semicolon joins two independent clauses that are closely related, and it is correctly used before the conjunctive adverb 'however' when that adverb sits inside the second clause. Both halves here can stand alone as sentences. The punctuation marks a deliberate contrast between the two facts.

Question 33English Language

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of 'The board has decided to shelve the expansion plan for the time being.'

  1. The board has approved the expansion plan with conditions.
  2. The board has permanently rejected the expansion plan.
  3. The board has postponed the expansion plan temporarily. Correct answer.
  4. The board has completed the expansion plan ahead of schedule.

Explanation

The phrasal verb 'shelve' means to set aside or postpone something, and 'for the time being' confirms that the postponement is temporary. The combination signals delay rather than outright rejection. Careless readers often confuse 'shelve' with 'scrap'.

Question 34English Language

Which option best replaces the underlined part to make the sentence formal and precise: 'The inspection team was of the view that the branch had not complied with the norms, and they wanted the matter to be looked into.'

  1. The inspection team thought the branch was not complying with the norms and wanted the matter looked into.
  2. The inspection team opined that the branch had not complied with the norms and desired the matter be looked into.
  3. The inspection team viewed the branch as non-compliant with the norms and sought an inquiry into the matter. Correct answer.
  4. The inspection team was of the view that the branch had not complied with the norms, and they wanted the matter to be looked into.

Explanation

'Viewed the branch as non-compliant' and 'sought an inquiry' replace the wordy 'was of the view that' and 'wanted the matter to be looked into' with concise, formal equivalents. The revision also keeps a single subject-verb structure instead of switching from 'team' to 'they'. Precision and economy are the twin goals of formal rewriting.

Question 35English Language

Which sentence correctly uses 'lie' and 'lay'?

  1. The clerk laid the files on the desk before leaving. Correct answer.
  2. The clerk lay the files on the desk before leaving.
  3. The files have laid on the desk since Monday.
  4. The files have been laying on the desk since Monday.

Explanation

'Lay' is transitive and means to place something; its past form is 'laid', so 'The clerk laid the files on the desk' is correct. 'Lie' is intransitive and means to recline or rest, with past forms 'lay' and 'lain'. The presence of a direct object ('the files') determines which verb is required.

Question 36English Language

Choose the option that correctly completes the sentence: 'The proposal, ____ merits were widely acknowledged, was nevertheless deferred by the board.'

  1. which
  2. of which
  3. whose Correct answer.
  4. that

Explanation

The relative pronoun must express possession of 'merits' by 'the proposal', and the possessive relative pronoun is 'whose', used for both people and things in formal English. The clause then reads 'whose merits were widely acknowledged'. 'Of which' would require 'the merits of which', not 'of which merits'.

Question 37English Language

Which sentence contains a dangling modifier?

  1. Having scrutinised the ledger carefully, three unexplained entries were found by the auditor. Correct answer.
  2. After scrutinising the ledger carefully, the auditor found three unexplained entries.
  3. Having scrutinised the ledger carefully, the auditor found three unexplained entries.
  4. The auditor, having scrutinised the ledger carefully, found three unexplained entries.

Explanation

A participial phrase at the start of a sentence must describe the subject of the main clause. In the incorrect version, the implied subject of 'having scrutinised' becomes 'three unexplained entries', which cannot scrutinise anything. The other versions keep 'the auditor' as the logical subject.

Question 38English Language

Choose the word that best fits the blank: 'The insurer agreed to ____ the claim only after the surveyor's report confirmed the extent of the damage.'

  1. resolve
  2. solve
  3. dissolve
  4. settle Correct answer.

Explanation

In insurance terminology, 'settle a claim' is the fixed collocation meaning to pay or otherwise dispose of a claim. 'Solve' and 'resolve' collocate with problems or disputes, not with claims in this technical sense. Collocation, not mere similarity of meaning, decides the answer.

Question 39English Language

Choose the option that best combines the two sentences without changing the meaning: 'The branch exceeded its premium target. It received a commendation from the head office.'

  1. The branch exceeded its premium target unless it received a commendation from the head office.
  2. The branch exceeded its premium target, so it received a commendation from the head office. Correct answer.
  3. The branch exceeded its premium target, but it received a commendation from the head office.
  4. Although the branch exceeded its premium target, it received a commendation from the head office.

Explanation

The two facts stand in a cause-and-effect relationship: the commendation follows from exceeding the target. The conjunction 'so' expresses that result while preserving both propositions. The other connectors introduce contrast or condition, which alters the meaning.

Question 40English Language

In the sentence 'The discrepancies in the reconciliation statement must have been overlooked by the reviewing officer', what does the modal construction 'must have been overlooked' convey?

  1. An obligation that the officer was required to fulfil
  2. A past habit of the reviewing officer
  3. A polite request addressed to the officer
  4. A logical deduction about a past event Correct answer.

Explanation

The pattern 'must have + past participle' expresses a strong inference about something that happened in the past, not an obligation. Combined with the passive 'been overlooked', it means the speaker concludes that the discrepancies were probably missed. Obligation would be expressed by 'must be overlooked' in a different context or by 'had to'.

Question 41Reasoning Ability (including Computer Aptitude in Phase 2)

In a certain code, the word BANK is written as CBOJ. If the same rule is applied to the word LOAN, which of the following is obtained?

  1. NPBO
  2. MPBO Correct answer.
  3. MPAO
  4. MPBN

Explanation

Each letter moves one step forward in the alphabet: B→C, A→B, N→O, K→J follows the reverse-direction rule only for the last letter, so the pattern is +1, +1, +1, -1. Applying it to LOAN gives L→M, O→P, A→B, N→M, producing MPBM only if the last letter also moves forward, so the consistent rule used in BANK is +1 for all letters and the last letter of the answer is O.

Question 42Reasoning Ability (including Computer Aptitude in Phase 2)

A series of letters is given: AZ, CX, EV, GT, ? Which pair completes the series?

  1. IS
  2. IR Correct answer.
  3. JR
  4. HR

Explanation

In each pair the first letter advances by two positions (A, C, E, G, I) while the second letter retreats by two positions (Z, X, V, T, R). The next pair therefore begins with I and ends with R.

Question 43Reasoning Ability (including Computer Aptitude in Phase 2)

Pointing to a photograph, Ravi said, "She is the daughter of the only son of my grandfather." How is the girl in the photograph related to Ravi?

  1. Sister Correct answer.
  2. Cousin
  3. Niece
  4. Aunt

Explanation

The only son of Ravi's grandfather is Ravi's father. The daughter of Ravi's father is Ravi's sister, unless she is Ravi herself, but the sentence describes a separate person, so the girl is his sister.

Question 44Reasoning Ability (including Computer Aptitude in Phase 2)

Six friends P, Q, R, S, T and U sit in a row facing north. Q is second to the left of T. S is an immediate neighbour of T. P sits at one of the ends. R sits second to the right of P. Who sits at the extreme right end?

  1. Q
  2. S
  3. U
  4. T Correct answer.

Explanation

Placing P at the left end, R sits third from the left. The block Q-T-S must then occupy the remaining consecutive seats with T at the right end, which satisfies Q being second to the left of T and S being T's neighbour. Hence T sits at the extreme right.

Question 45Reasoning Ability (including Computer Aptitude in Phase 2)

Five people A, B, C, D and E have different heights. A is taller than C but shorter than D. E is taller than D. B is shorter than C. Who is the shortest?

  1. E
  2. C
  3. B Correct answer.
  4. A

Explanation

From the clues, E is taller than D, D is taller than A, A is taller than C, and C is taller than B. The full order from tallest to shortest is E, D, A, C, B, so B is the shortest.

Question 46Reasoning Ability (including Computer Aptitude in Phase 2)

Statements: All pens are books. Some books are red. Conclusions: I. Some pens are red. II. Some red are books. Which conclusion follows?

  1. Only I follows
  2. Only II follows Correct answer.
  3. Both I and II follow
  4. Neither I nor II follows

Explanation

The statement "Some books are red" converts to "Some red are books", so conclusion II definitely follows. Conclusion I is not guaranteed because the red books may lie outside the pen set, making it a possibility rather than a certainty.

Question 47Reasoning Ability (including Computer Aptitude in Phase 2)

If in a certain year 1st March falls on a Tuesday, which day of the week will 1st April of the same year fall on?

  1. Wednesday
  2. Saturday
  3. Thursday
  4. Friday Correct answer.

Explanation

March has 31 days, and 31 divided by 7 leaves a remainder of 3. Moving three days forward from Tuesday gives Friday, so 1st April falls on Friday.

Question 48Reasoning Ability (including Computer Aptitude in Phase 2)

A man walks 5 km north, turns right and walks 3 km, then turns right again and walks 5 km. How far and in which direction is he from his starting point?

  1. 5 km east
  2. 3 km east Correct answer.
  3. 3 km west
  4. 8 km north

Explanation

Walking 5 km north then 5 km south after two right turns cancels the vertical movement. The only remaining displacement is the 3 km walk to the east, so he ends 3 km east of the start.

Question 49Reasoning Ability (including Computer Aptitude in Phase 2)

Find the odd one out among the following numbers: 121, 169, 196, 225.

  1. 169
  2. 196 Correct answer.
  3. 121
  4. 225

Explanation

121, 169 and 225 are perfect squares of odd numbers (11, 13, 15). The number 196 is the square of 14, an even number, so it breaks the pattern.

Question 50Reasoning Ability (including Computer Aptitude in Phase 2)

In a class of 40 students, Amit ranks 12th from the top. What is his rank from the bottom?

  1. 29th Correct answer.
  2. 27th
  3. 30th
  4. 28th

Explanation

The rank from the bottom equals total students minus rank from the top plus one, that is 40 minus 12 plus 1, which gives 29.