Computer Knowledge
Computer Knowledge
The computer section is short and predictable: generations and types of computers, hardware and peripherals, memory and storage units, operating systems, MS Office shortcuts, networking and internet basics, and cyber-security vocabulary.
Core facts
- Generations: valves (first), transistors (second), integrated circuits (third), microprocessors (fourth); the fifth is associated with artificial intelligence.
- Memory ladder: 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; then MB, GB, TB, PB. RAM is volatile; ROM retains its contents without power.
- Shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, F7 spell-check in Word, F5 start a slideshow in PowerPoint.
- Networking: a LAN is local and a WAN spans cities; IP addresses identify devices; HTTP/HTTPS carry web pages; SMTP sends mail while POP3 and IMAP retrieve it.
- Security: phishing is a fraudulent message, malware is hostile software, a firewall filters traffic, and two-factor authentication adds a second proof of identity.
Worked example
"How many bits are in 2 kilobytes?" Work in two steps: 2 × 1024 = 2048 bytes, then 2048 × 8 = 16,384 bits. Showing both steps avoids the usual slip of answering 2048.
Traps that cost marks
Do not mix decimal (1000) and binary (1024) conversions. Keep RAM and ROM distinct - questions often ask which retains data when power is cut. Do not confuse F5 with F7, or a LAN with a WAN. Finally, a backup is not a defence against malware; it limits damage after an attack rather than preventing it.