AIIMS NORCET flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Normal adult blood pressure

Systolic 90–120 mmHg and diastolic 60–80 mmHg; readings of 140/90 mmHg or above on repeated measurement define hypertension in adults.

Zero-order drug elimination

A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time regardless of plasma concentration, so small dose increases can cause disproportionate toxicity; examples are phenytoin, ethanol and high-dose aspirin.

Stage 3 pressure ulcer

Full-thickness skin loss extending into subcutaneous fat, with visible fat but no exposed bone, tendon or muscle; slough may be present but does not obscure the depth.

WHO five moments of hand hygiene

Before touching a patient, before a clean or aseptic procedure, after body fluid exposure risk, after touching a patient, and after touching patient surroundings.

MONA-B for acute MI

Morphine for pain, oxygen only if saturation is under 90 percent, nitrates when not contraindicated, chewed aspirin, and a beta-blocker; ST-elevation also needs urgent reperfusion.

DKA diagnostic triad

Hyperglycaemia above 250 mg/dL, metabolic acidosis with pH below 7.3 or bicarbonate below 18 mEq/L, and ketonaemia or ketonuria; isotonic saline and insulin infusion are first-line therapy.

Late fetal heart decelerations

Decelerations that begin after the peak of a uterine contraction and return slowly; they reflect uteroplacental insufficiency and require maternal left lateral position, oxygen and medical review.

KDIGO acute kidney injury stage 1

A rise in serum creatinine of at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours, or urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/h for six consecutive hours.

Infant mortality rate formula

Deaths of children under one year of age during a calendar year divided by live births in that same year, multiplied by 1000; it reflects maternal and child health status.

Sensitivity versus specificity

Sensitivity is true positives divided by all true cases, detecting disease; specificity is true negatives divided by all non-cases, correctly excluding disease; the two trade off by threshold.

Secondary level of prevention

Early detection and prompt treatment through screening, case finding and diagnosis, aiming to halt disease progression before disability or complications develop.

Cold chain for DPT vaccine

DPT must be stored at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius and must never be frozen, because freezing damages the adjuvant and reduces vaccine potency permanently.

Naegele's rule

Add seven days to the first day of the last menstrual period, subtract three months, then add one year; this estimates the expected date of delivery in a 28-day cycle.

Magnesium sulphate toxicity monitoring

Monitor patellar reflex, respiratory rate of at least 12 per minute and urine output of at least 30 mL/h; calcium gluconate ten percent is the antidote for magnesium toxicity.

Postpartum haemorrhage definition

Blood loss exceeding 500 mL after vaginal delivery or 1000 mL after caesarean section, or any loss causing haemodynamic instability; uterine atony is the commonest cause.

APGAR score components

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity and Respiration, each scored zero to two; the total at one and five minutes guides neonatal resuscitation decisions.

Holliday-Segar maintenance fluids

Give 100 mL/kg/day for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg/day for the next 10 kg and 20 mL/kg/day for each kilogram above 20 kg.

Kangaroo mother care

Continuous skin-to-skin contact with exclusive breastfeeding and early discharge for low-birth-weight infants; it reduces hypothermia, infection and neonatal mortality.

Pathological neonatal jaundice

Jaundice appearing within the first 24 hours of life, or bilirubin rising faster than 5 mg/dL per day, or persisting beyond two weeks; causes include haemolysis and sepsis.

ORS Plan B volume

Give 75 mL/kg of oral rehydration solution over four hours to children with some dehydration, reassessing hydration status and continuing breastfeeding throughout.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A life-threatening reaction to antipsychotics marked by lead-pipe rigidity, hyperthermia, autonomic instability and raised creatine kinase; stop the drug and give dantrolene or bromocriptine.

Serotonin syndrome features

Clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, tremor and hyperthermia after serotonergic drugs; stop the offending agents and treat with benzodiazepines and supportive cooling.

Lithium therapeutic range

Serum lithium of 0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L; levels above 1.5 mEq/L cause coarse tremor, vomiting and ataxia, and require withdrawal of the drug and hydration.

Typical antipsychotic side effects

Extrapyramidal symptoms such as acute dystonia, parkinsonism, akathisia and tardive dyskinesia, plus raised prolactin; these arise from dopamine D2 receptor blockade.

Bloom's taxonomy order

Remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate and create, arranged from lower to higher order thinking; objectives should be written at the level the learner must achieve.

Formative versus summative evaluation

Formative assessment occurs during teaching to guide improvement, while summative assessment occurs at the end to judge achievement against objectives.

Miller's pyramid levels

Knows, knows how, shows how and does; written tests assess knowledge, simulations assess shows how, and workplace observation assesses actual performance.

Narrow versus wide span of control

A narrow span means few subordinates per manager, giving closer supervision but taller hierarchy; a wide span gives flatter structure but less individual guidance.

Nursing audit purpose

A systematic review of nursing records against agreed standards to measure quality of care and identify correctable gaps in documentation and practice.

Levels of evidence hierarchy

From highest: systematic reviews of randomised trials, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional surveys, case reports and expert opinion.

Type I and Type II errors

Type I error rejects a true null hypothesis, controlled by alpha; Type II error fails to reject a false null, related to power, which equals one minus beta.

Probability sampling methods

Simple random, stratified, systematic and cluster sampling, in which every element has a known chance of selection, reducing selection bias compared with convenience sampling.