OTET Paper 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks a learner can perform with guidance but not yet alone; instruction is most effective when aimed at this range.

Conservation (Piaget)

The understanding that quantity, mass, or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance; typically achieved in the concrete operational stage, around age 7–11.

Classical conditioning

Learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, as in Pavlov's bell-and-food experiment.

Negative reinforcement

An operant procedure in which a behaviour increases because it removes or avoids an aversive stimulus; it is not the same as punishment.

Formative assessment

Continuous, diagnostic assessment used during teaching to identify learning gaps and adjust instruction; it is assessment for learning rather than of learning.

Inclusive education

An approach in which schools and curricula are adapted to accommodate all learners, including those with disabilities, rather than segregating or excluding them.

Odia script

A Brahmic writing system used for Odia and several minority languages of Odisha; it is an abugida, so consonant letters carry an inherent vowel unless marked otherwise.

Swarabarna

The Odia term for vowels; Odia has 11 independent vowel letters, whose corresponding signs (matras) attach to consonants in writing.

Sandhi

The phonological and orthographic change that occurs when two morphemes or words meet, such as a + i becoming e in Odia; swarabarna and byanjana sandhi are the main types.

Fakir Mohan Senapati

Nineteenth-century Odia writer regarded as the father of modern Odia prose; author of Rebati and the novel Chha Mana Atha Guntha.

SOV order

The typical Odia sentence pattern in which the subject comes first, the object next, and the verb last; postpositions follow the noun they govern.

Phonics approach

A method of teaching reading that builds letter–sound correspondences explicitly, then blends them into words, before moving to whole-word and comprehension work.

Passive voice

A verb construction formed with be plus the past participle, in which the object of the action becomes the grammatical subject, as in 'The letter was written.'

Second conditional

A conditional sentence using past tense in the if-clause and would plus base verb in the main clause, expressing an unreal or unlikely present situation.

Skimming

A rapid reading strategy used to grasp the general idea or gist of a text, in contrast to scanning, which locates specific information.

Stative verb

A verb describing a state rather than an action, such as know, believe, or own; it normally does not take the continuous form in standard English.

Indirect speech

Reported speech in which the speaker's words are paraphrased; tense usually shifts back one step and pronouns and time or place words are adjusted.

Process writing

A writing pedagogy that treats composition as recursive stages of planning, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing, emphasising fluency before final accuracy.

Place value

The value a digit has by virtue of its position in a base-10 numeral; in 5,403 the digit 5 represents five thousands, or 5 × 1000.

Area of a triangle

Half the product of the base and the perpendicular height: A = ½ × b × h; the height must be measured perpendicular to the chosen base.

HCF and LCM relation

For two positive integers, the product of their HCF and LCM equals the product of the numbers themselves; this fails for three or more numbers.

Divisibility by 9

A number is divisible by 9 exactly when the sum of its digits is divisible by 9; the same digit-sum test with 3 works for divisibility by 3.

Speed conversion

To convert kilometres per hour to metres per second multiply by 5/18; to convert metres per second to kilometres per hour multiply by 18/5.

Median

The middle value of an ordered data set; with an even number of observations it is the mean of the two central values, and it resists distortion by outliers.

Profit percentage

Profit expressed as a percentage of cost price: profit% = (selling price − cost price) ÷ cost price × 100, provided selling price exceeds cost price.

Volume of a cuboid

The space occupied by a rectangular solid, calculated as length × width × height; a cube is the special case side³.

EVS curriculum approach

Environmental Studies at primary level integrates science and social studies through observation, questioning, and activities drawn from the child's immediate environment.

Food chain

A sequence showing energy transfer from producers such as plants to herbivores and then to carnivores, with decomposers recycling nutrients back into the soil.

Water cycle

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and collection, driven mainly by solar energy.

Composition of air

Dry air by volume is about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and 0.04% carbon dioxide, with trace gases making up the remainder.

Chilika Lagoon

A large brackish-water lagoon on the Odisha coast, designated a Ramsar site, known for its fishery and migratory birds; a standard local EVS example.

Waste hierarchy

The priority order of reduce, reuse, and recycle, with segregation at source and composting of biodegradable waste as the first practical steps taught in schools.