OTET Paper 2 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Object permanence

Piaget's attainment of the sensorimotor stage, roughly birth to two years, when a child understands that objects continue to exist even when hidden from view.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the distance between a learner's independent performance and potential performance with adult or peer guidance; instruction targets this band.

Conservation

The understanding that quantity, mass or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance; achieved in Piaget's concrete operational stage, around seven to eleven years.

Formative assessment

Ongoing assessment during teaching, used to diagnose gaps and adjust instruction; it is low-stakes and feedback-oriented rather than used for final grading.

Intrinsic motivation

Drive to act arising from interest, curiosity or satisfaction in the activity itself, rather than from external rewards or punishments, and linked to sustained learning.

Inclusive education

Placement and teaching of all learners, including those with disabilities, in common classrooms with reasonable accommodation and adapted content, process and product.

Bloom's taxonomy

A hierarchical classification of cognitive objectives: remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, create; the upper three are called higher-order thinking skills.

Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit of language; free morphemes stand alone as words, while bound morphemes such as -ed or un- must attach to another form.

Communicative competence

Hymes' model of language ability comprising grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic competence, going beyond correct form to appropriate use in context.

Skimming versus scanning

Skimming is rapid reading for the general idea or gist; scanning is rapid reading to locate a specific piece of information such as a date or name.

Bottom-up reading model

A model in which reading proceeds from letters to sounds to words to meaning; contrasted with top-down meaning-driven prediction and with interactive models combining both.

Affective filter

Krashen's hypothetical barrier raised by anxiety, low motivation or low self-confidence, which reduces the language input a learner can take in.

Cloze test

A language test in which words are deleted from a passage at regular intervals and the learner supplies them, measuring reading comprehension and contextual grammar.

Voiced and voiceless sounds

A phonetic distinction based on vibration of the vocal cords; for example /b/, /d/, /g/ are voiced while /p/, /t/, /k/ are voiceless.

Present perfect tense

Formed with have or has plus the past participle; it links a past action to present relevance and does not take definite past time markers like yesterday.

Third conditional

If plus past perfect in the condition and would have plus past participle in the result; it expresses an unreal past situation and its imagined consequence.

Reported speech backshift

In indirect speech, the reporting verb in past tense usually shifts the reported verb one step back, so present becomes past and past becomes past perfect.

Subject-verb agreement

The rule that a verb agrees in number with its subject; each, every, either and neither are singular, while a number of takes a plural verb.

Inference question

A comprehension item whose answer is not stated directly but must be logically concluded from evidence within the passage, not from outside knowledge.

Phrasal verb

A verb combined with a particle that creates a new meaning, such as put off (postpone), give in (surrender) or look after (take care of).

Quadratic formula

For ax squared plus bx plus c equals zero, the roots are minus b plus or minus the square root of b squared minus four ac, all divided by two a.

Pythagorean triplet

Three positive integers satisfying a squared plus b squared equals c squared, such as 3-4-5 or 5-12-13; any integer multiple is also a triplet.

Compound interest formula

Amount equals principal times one plus rate over one hundred, raised to the number of years; interest is the amount minus the principal.

Ohm's law

Current through a conductor is directly proportional to potential difference and inversely proportional to resistance, expressed as V equals I times R at constant temperature.

Newton's third law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; the two forces act on different bodies, so they never cancel each other on one object.

Photosynthesis equation

Six carbon dioxide plus six water, in the presence of light and chlorophyll, yields one glucose plus six oxygen; chlorophyll absorbs mainly blue and red light.

Parallel resistance

For resistors in parallel, the reciprocal of total resistance equals the sum of reciprocals of individual resistances, so total resistance is less than the smallest one.

Tropic of Cancer in India

The latitude of about 23.5 degrees north, which passes through eight Indian states including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.

Fundamental Duties

Eleven duties of citizens listed in Article 51A, inserted by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.

Rain shadow region

The leeward side of a mountain range, such as the eastern side of the Western Ghats, which receives little rain because moisture is spent on the windward slope.

Dandi March

Gandhi's 1930 march from Sabarmati to Dandi to make salt in defiance of the salt law, launching the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Constitutional versus statutory body

A constitutional body such as the Election Commission or UPSC is created by the Constitution; a statutory body such as NHRC is created by an act of Parliament.