PGDBA flashcards
PGDBA · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Unity of command
- Fayol principle stating each employee should receive orders from only one superior to avoid conflicting instructions and confusion in responsibility.
- Theory X and Theory Y
- McGregor's contrasting assumptions: Theory X views workers as lazy and needing control, while Theory Y views them as self-motivated and seeking responsibility.
- Tuckman group stages
- Five-stage model of group development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning, each with distinct interpersonal and task dynamics.
- Herzberg two-factor theory
- Motivation theory separating hygiene factors that prevent dissatisfaction from motivators that create satisfaction and sustained effort at work.
- Accrual concept
- Accounting convention recording revenue when earned and expenses when incurred, regardless of when cash is received or paid.
- Current ratio
- Liquidity measure equal to current assets divided by current liabilities; a value above one indicates short-term obligations can be met.
- Net present value
- Sum of discounted future cash flows minus initial investment; a positive NPV indicates the project adds value at the given discount rate.
- DuPont analysis
- Decomposition of return on equity into net profit margin, asset turnover, and equity multiplier, revealing which driver creates shareholder returns.
- Price elasticity of demand
- Percentage change in quantity demanded divided by percentage change in price; absolute values above one indicate elastic demand.
- Giffen good
- Inferior good whose demand rises when price rises, violating the law of demand because the income effect outweighs the substitution effect.
- Porter five forces
- Framework assessing industry attractiveness through rivalry, threat of new entrants, substitutes, buyer bargaining power, and supplier bargaining power.
- GDP deflator
- Broad price index calculated as nominal GDP divided by real GDP, multiplied by one hundred, measuring inflation across all domestically produced output.
- STP process
- Marketing sequence of segmenting the market, targeting chosen segments, and positioning the offering to occupy a distinct place in customer minds.
- BCG matrix
- Portfolio tool plotting business units by market growth and relative share into stars, cash cows, question marks, and dogs to guide investment.
- Ansoff matrix
- Growth framework combining existing or new products with existing or new markets to yield penetration, product development, market development, and diversification.
- Brand equity
- Added value a brand name confers on a product, built through awareness, perceived quality, associations, loyalty, and proprietary assets.
- Job enrichment
- Vertical expansion of a job adding planning and control responsibilities, increasing autonomy and intrinsic motivation under Herzberg's motivator logic.
- 360-degree feedback
- Appraisal method collecting performance inputs from supervisors, peers, subordinates, and customers to give a rounded view of behaviour.
- Job specification
- Statement of the qualifications, skills, experience, and personal attributes required to perform a defined job successfully.
- Economic order quantity
- Order size minimising total ordering and holding costs, calculated as the square root of twice annual demand times ordering cost divided by holding cost.
- Little's Law
- Queueing relationship stating work in process equals throughput multiplied by flow time, useful for estimating inventory or cycle time.
- Critical path method
- Network scheduling technique identifying the longest path through dependent activities, which determines minimum project duration and has zero float.
- Poka-yoke
- Lean quality technique using design features that prevent errors from occurring or make defects immediately visible to operators.
- Central limit theorem
- Statistical result that the sampling distribution of the mean approaches normality as sample size increases, regardless of population shape.
- Type I error
- Incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis, with probability equal to the chosen significance level alpha, commonly five percent.
- Coefficient of determination
- R-squared value indicating the proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable in a regression.
- Caveat emptor
- Doctrine that the buyer takes the risk regarding quality of goods, subject to exceptions such as fitness for purpose disclosed to the seller.
- Agency problem
- Conflict arising when managers pursue their own interests rather than shareholders', addressed through board oversight, incentives, and disclosure.
- VRIN resources
- Resource-based view test requiring resources to be valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable to sustain competitive advantage.
- Mintzberg 5Ps
- Five views of strategy: plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective, capturing both intended and emergent dimensions.
- Balanced Scorecard
- Performance framework measuring financial, customer, internal process, and learning and growth perspectives to translate strategy into operational targets.
- Earned value management
- Project control method comparing earned value with planned value and actual cost to compute cost and schedule variances and performance indices.