PSEB SS PHC flashcards
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33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Harappa
- A major Indus Valley Civilisation city in present-day Sahiwal district, Pakistan; first excavated in 1921 by Daya Ram Sahni, revealing grid streets, granaries and drainage systems.
- Ropar
- An Indus Valley site in Rupnagar district, Indian Punjab, on the Sutlej; notable for a burial and evidence of Harappan-style material culture in the region.
- Guru Nanak
- Founder of Sikhism, born in 1469 at Nankana Sahib in Punjab; his teachings emphasise one God, equality, honest work and remembrance of the divine name.
- Adi Granth
- The Sikh scripture compiled by Guru Arjan in 1604 at Amritsar, containing hymns of the Gurus and saints; it forms the core of the Guru Granth Sahib.
- Khalsa
- The community of initiated Sikhs founded by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 at Anandpur Sahib, marked by the Amrit initiation and the five Ks.
- Harmandir Sahib
- The Golden Temple at Amritsar, founded in 1577 by Guru Ram Das; it has four entrances symbolising openness and houses the Guru Granth Sahib.
- Akal Takht
- The supreme seat of Sikh temporal authority, established in 1606 by Guru Hargobind at Amritsar opposite the Harmandir Sahib.
- Guru Granth Sahib
- The Sikh holy scripture and eternal Guru, finalised by Guru Gobind Singh in 1708; it contains hymns in Punjabi, Hindi, Sanskrit, Persian and other languages.
- Battle of Hydaspes
- The 326 BCE battle on the Jhelum river in which Alexander the Great defeated King Porus of the Pauravas, a key event in ancient Punjab's history.
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh
- Sikh ruler of Punjab from 1799 to 1839, based at Lahore; he unified Sikh misls, modernised his army and took the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shah Shuja.
- Anglo-Sikh Wars
- Two wars (1845–46 and 1848–49) between the Sikh empire and the British East India Company, ending in annexation of Punjab in 1849.
- Jallianwala Bagh
- Site in Amritsar where British troops under General Dyer fired on an unarmed gathering on 13 April 1919, killing hundreds and galvanising the freedom movement.
- Ghadar Party
- A revolutionary organisation founded in 1913 in San Francisco by Punjabi migrants, publishing the Ghadar newspaper to incite revolt against British rule in India.
- Bhagat Singh
- Punjabi revolutionary born in 1907 in Lyallpur district; a founder of the HSRA, he was executed in 1931 after the Lahore Conspiracy Case.
- Partition of Punjab
- The 1947 division of Punjab between India and Pakistan following independence, causing mass migration and violence along the Radcliffe Line.
- Gurmukhi script
- The script used to write Punjabi, developed and standardised through the Sikh tradition; it has 35 core letters plus vowel signs and is written left to right.
- Majhi dialect
- The standard dialect of Punjabi spoken in the Majha region between the Ravi and Beas rivers, including Amritsar, Lahore and Gurdaspur.
- Bhangra
- A vigorous Punjabi folk dance traditionally associated with the harvest season, performed to the beat of the dhol drum, mainly by men.
- Giddha
- A Punjabi folk dance performed by women in a circle with clapping and boliyan verses, common at weddings and festivals.
- Dhol
- A double-headed barrel drum central to Punjabi folk music, used in Bhangra, weddings and harvest celebrations, played with sticks.
- Waris Shah
- An 18th-century Punjabi Sufi poet best known for Heer Ranjha, a tragic romance considered a masterpiece of Punjabi literature.
- Bulleh Shah
- A 17th–18th century Punjabi Sufi poet from Kasur, famous for kafis that criticise religious orthodoxy and express mystical love.
- Baba Farid
- A 12th–13th century Sufi saint and Punjabi poet whose verses are included in the Guru Granth Sahib, making him the earliest contributor.
- Punjabi language family
- Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-European family, with tonal contrasts and a subject-object-verb word order, spoken in Pakistan and India.
- Sapta Sindhu
- The 'land of seven rivers' referenced in the Rigveda, corresponding roughly to the Punjab region drained by the Indus tributaries.
- Dasarajna battle
- The Rigvedic 'Battle of the Ten Kings' fought on the Ravi river, a key early textual event associated with the Punjab region.
- Misl
- One of the armed Sikh confederacies of the 18th century, such as the Bhangi and Sukerchakia misls, which later consolidated under Ranjit Singh.
- Amritsar
- City in Punjab founded around the pool of nectar where Guru Ram Das began construction in 1577; site of the Harmandir Sahib and Jallianwala Bagh.
- Anandpur Sahib
- Town in Rupnagar district, Punjab, where Guru Gobind Singh founded the Khalsa in 1699; site of the Hola Mohalla festival.
- Hola Mohalla
- A Sikh festival held at Anandpur Sahib after Holi, featuring martial displays, poetry and processions, instituted by Guru Gobind Singh.
- Punjabi folk music
- Traditional genres including Jugni, Tappa, Boliyan and Suhag, usually built on dhol rhythms and sung at weddings, harvests and festivals.
- Punjab's five rivers
- The Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, from which the name 'Punjab' (five waters) derives; all are tributaries of the Indus.
- Lahore Resolution
- The 1940 resolution passed at Lahore by the All-India Muslim League demanding autonomous states for Muslim-majority areas, a step toward Pakistan.