Punjab Patwari flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Punjab Legislative Assembly seats

The Punjab Vidhan Sabha has 117 elected members; a working majority requires 59 seats. Punjab also elects 13 Lok Sabha members and 7 Rajya Sabha members.

NITI Aayog

National Institution for Transforming India, established in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission. It is a policy think tank chaired by the Prime Minister, with state Chief Ministers in its governing council.

Fundamental Duties

Eleven duties listed in Article 51A of the Constitution, added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee. They are non-justiciable but guide citizens' conduct.

Punjab districts count

Punjab has 23 districts grouped into five divisions: Jalandhar, Patiala, Firozepur, Faridkot and Rupnagar. Malerkotla, created in 2021, is the newest district.

Five rivers of Punjab

Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Chenab and Jhelum. Only the Sutlej and Beas flow through Indian Punjab; the Chenab and Jhelum lie mainly in Pakistan after Partition.

Khalsa founding

Guru Gobind Singh founded the Khalsa in 1699 at Anandpur Sahib, introducing the Amrit initiation and the five Ks. Guru Granth Sahib became the eternal Guru after him.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Sikh ruler (1780-1839) who captured Lahore in 1799 and was crowned Maharaja in 1801. His empire ended with British annexation of Punjab in 1849 after the Anglo-Sikh Wars.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre

On 13 April 1919, General Dyer ordered troops to fire on an unarmed gathering at Amritsar, killing hundreds. The event intensified the freedom movement and preceded the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Bhangra and Giddha

Bhangra is the energetic male folk dance of Punjab performed to the dhol; Giddha is the female counterpart with clapping and boliyan verses. Both are central to Punjabi folk culture.

Shiwalik range

The outermost Himalayan foothills running along north-eastern Punjab and adjoining Himachal Pradesh. They form Punjab's highest ground; the rest of the state is alluvial plain.

Simple interest formula

Simple interest equals principal multiplied by rate multiplied by time, divided by 100. The interest is calculated only on the original principal for the whole period.

CI minus SI for two years

For two years, the difference between compound and simple interest equals P times (R/100) squared, where P is principal and R the annual rate. This shortcut avoids full computation.

Time to cross a platform

A train of length L moving at speed S crosses a platform of length P in time (L + P)/S. To cross a pole, the time is simply L/S.

Work together formula

If A alone finishes a job in x days and B in y days, working together they finish it in xy/(x + y) days. The same reciprocal rule applies to filling pipes.

Alligation rule

To mix two ingredients at prices p and q to get a mean price m, the ratio of their quantities is (m - p) : (q - m), with p below m and q above it.

Subject-verb agreement rule

A singular subject takes a singular verb. In 'one of the + plural noun', the verb agrees with 'one', so 'One of the boys is present' is correct.

Present perfect tense

Formed with has/have plus the past participle, it describes a past action linked to the present, often with since, for, already, yet or just.

Active to passive voice

The object becomes the subject, the verb becomes a form of be plus the past participle, and the original subject follows 'by'. Only transitive verbs can be made passive.

At the eleventh hour

An idiom meaning at the last possible moment. Example: the decision was taken at the eleventh hour, leaving no time for preparation.

Prepositions of time

Use 'in' with months, years and long periods, 'on' with days and dates, and 'at' with clock times and festivals. Example: in July, on Monday, at 5 p.m.

Painti Akhri

The 35 primary letters of the Gurmukhi script, comprising 8 vowel letters and 27 consonant letters. Six additional letters represent sounds borrowed from Persian and Arabic.

Kanna and sihari

Kanna (ਾ) is the vowel sign for long 'aa', as in ਕਾਮ; sihari (ਿ) is the sign for short 'i', placed before the consonant it follows in pronunciation, as in ਕਿਤਾਬ.

Addak in Gurmukhi

The addak (ੱ) placed before a consonant doubles that consonant, as in ਪੱਕਾ (pakka). It affects pronunciation and meaning but not the alphabet count.

Gurmukhi postpositions

Punjabi uses postpositions after the noun: ਨੇ marks the ergative agent, ਨੂੰ means to or accusative, ਦਾ/ਦੀ/ਦੇ mean of, ਵਿੱਚ means in, and ਤੋਂ means from.

Gurmukhi script direction

Gurmukhi is written from left to right, like most Indic scripts, with a continuous line (shirorekha) along the top of the letters. It is used for the Punjabi language in India.

Jamabandi

The record of rights maintained at village level, listing owners, cultivators, khasra numbers, area and crop shares. It is revised periodically, usually every five years.

Khasra and khatauni

Khasra is the number identifying a specific plot of land. Khatauni is the register listing cultivators grouped under a khata, or account, with their plots.

Mutation (intqal)

The revenue entry recording a change in ownership or rights in land, made on application or official report, verified by the Kanungo and sanctioned by the competent revenue officer.

Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887

The principal law governing land revenue assessment and collection, record-of-rights, and mutation procedure in Punjab. It defines the powers of revenue officers from Financial Commissioner down to Patwari.

Patwari duties

The village accountant maintains village land records, reports crops and land use, records mutations, and assists in revenue collection. A Kanungo supervises a circle of Patwaris.

Fard

An extract or certified copy of a land record such as a jamabandi or khasra entry, issued to a right-holder or applicant. It is used as evidence of recorded rights.

Shajra kishtwar

The village field map showing the layout and boundaries of khasra plots. It is used with the jamabandi to identify land parcels during mutation and consolidation proceedings.