Rajasthan VDO cheat sheet

Constitutional articles: Art. 14 equality before law; Art. 21 protection of life and personal liberty; Art. 32 writs to Supreme Court; Art. 226 writs to High Courts; Art. 356 President's Rule; Art. 368 amendment procedure.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Arts. 12-35); Directive Principles in Part IV (Arts. 36-51); Fundamental Duties in Part IVA (Art. 51A, added by 42nd Amendment 1976).

Schedules: 7th Schedule has Union, State and Concurrent Lists (originally 97 entries in Union List); 8th Schedule lists 22 scheduled languages; 10th Schedule is the anti-defection law.

Solar system order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; largest planet Jupiter, hottest planet Venus, densest planet Earth.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts; chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light, reflecting green.

Human body: largest organ skin, largest gland liver, smallest bone stapes, longest bone femur, normal adult RBC count about 5 million per cubic mm, blood pH 7.35-7.45.

SI units: force newton, pressure pascal, energy joule, power watt, frequency hertz, electric charge coulomb, resistance ohm; speed of light approx 3 x 10^8 m/s.

Indian history chronology: Indus Valley (c. 2500-1500 BCE), Vedic period, Mahajanapadas, Mauryas (321 BCE), Guptas (4th century CE), Delhi Sultanate (1206), Mughals (1526), British rule, Independence 1947.

Rajasthan was formed in stages: Matsya Union (18 March 1948), Rajasthan Union (25 March 1948), Greater Rajasthan (30 March 1949), United Rajasthan (15 May 1949), and the final integrated state on 1 November 1956 under the States Reorganisation Act.

Rajasthan borders Pakistan to the west and five Indian states: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat; it is India's largest state by area.

Geographic extremes: Thar (Marusthali) desert in the west, Aravalli range running southwest to northeast, Mount Abu's Guru Shikhar the highest peak (about 1,722 m), Chambal the only perennial river.

Major lakes: Sambhar (salt lake, Jaipur district), Pushkar (Ajmer), Pichola and Fateh Sagar (Udaipur), Nakki (Mount Abu), Keoladeo is a wetland at Bharatpur.

Folk deities: Pabuji, Gogaji, Tejaji, Ramdevji, Harbhuji and Mehaji; Kaila Devi and Shila Devi are prominent goddess shrines; Brahma temple at Pushkar is among the few in the world.

Rajasthan dances: Ghoomar (Bhil/Ghoomar of Mewar), Kalbelia (Kalbeliya community, UNESCO intangible heritage 2010), Gair (Mewar, men), Chari, Terahtali, Bhavai, Kachhi Ghodi.

Forts of Rajasthan inscribed by UNESCO: Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh, Ranthambore, Amber, Jaisalmer and Gagron (Hill Forts of Rajasthan, 2013); Keoladeo National Park is a UNESCO natural site.

For current affairs, track Reserve Bank policy rates, Union Budget and Economic Survey, Census/NFHS data, new schemes, sports championships, and appointments to constitutional posts; verify dates and names from official sources before the exam.

Average of n numbers = sum / n; if a quantity changes by x%, the new value = original x (100 + x)/100; successive percentage changes of a% and b% give net change a + b + ab/100.

Simple interest = P x R x T / 100; compound interest amount = P(1 + R/100)^T; for two years CI - SI = P(R/100)^2.

Profit/loss: profit% = (SP - CP)/CP x 100; discount% is calculated on marked price; SP = MP x (100 - discount%)/100.

Speed, time, distance: distance = speed x time; conversion 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s; relative speed adds when moving opposite, subtracts when moving in the same direction.

Time and work: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days; work rate is the reciprocal of time.

Mensuration: circle area pi r^2, circumference 2 pi r; triangle area 1/2 x base x height; cylinder volume pi r^2 h; sphere volume 4/3 pi r^3; cone volume 1/3 pi r^2 h.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; for dividing a sum in ratio a:b:c, parts are total x a/(a+b+c), etc.

Number system: HCF x LCM = product of two numbers; divisibility by 3 or 9 depends on digit sum; by 11 on alternating digit-sum difference; by 4 on the last two digits.

Alphabet positions: A=1 to Z=26; reverse position = 27 - forward position; EJOTY trick gives E=5, J=10, O=15, T=20, Y=25.

Coding-decoding: check shift (+/- same number), reversal, or letter-position arithmetic; verify the rule on every given pair before applying it.

Series rules: differences may increase by a constant second difference (e.g., +2, +4, +6), or alternate between two sequences; check squares, cubes and primes.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; vertical line for parent-child, horizontal for siblings/spouse; 'maternal' = mother's side, 'paternal' = father's side.

Direction sense: use a compass sketch; net displacement after turns uses Pythagoras, e.g., 3 km east then 4 km north gives 5 km.

Syllogism: with 'All A are B' and 'All B are C', conclusion 'All A are C' follows; a particular conclusion needs a particular premise; 'Some' statements are reversible, 'All' are not.

Number series and analogy: in analogy questions, apply the same operation to both pairs; for odd-one-out, check primes, squares, and perfect cubes.

Seating arrangement: fix the reference person first, then place others using left/right (clockwise = right in a circle facing centre); count positions with the formula (n-1) for circular neighbours.

वर्ण विचार: स्वर 11 (ह्रस्व-दीर्घ, प्लुत), व्यंजन 33, संयुक्त व्यंजन क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ, श्र; अनुस्वार (ं) और अनुनासिक (ँ) का प्रयोग अर्थ बदलता है।

संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वरों का मेल, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि; संधि-विच्छेद में मूल शब्द अलग करें।

समास: तत्पुरुष (अंतिम पद प्रधान), द्वंद्व (दोनों पद प्रधान), बहुव्रीहि (अन्य पद प्रधान), कर्मधारय (विशेषण-विशेष्य), द्विगु (संख्यावाची)।

संज्ञा के भेद: व्यक्तिवाचक, जातिवाचक, भाववाचक, समूहवाचक, द्रव्यवाचक; सर्वनाम के भेद: पुरुषवाचक, निजवाचक, निश्चयवाचक, अनिश्चयवाचक, प्रश्नवाचक, संबंधवाचक।

काल: वर्तमान, भूत (सामान्य, पूर्ण, अपूर्ण, संदिग्ध, हेतुहेतुमद्), भविष्यत्; वाच्य: कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य, भाववाच्य।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण आवृत्ति), उपमा (सादृश्य), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), उत्प्रेक्षा (संभावना), यमक (एक शब्द भिन्न अर्थ में दोहराया), श्लेष (एक शब्द के अनेक अर्थ)।

शब्द-शुद्धि: 'उपर्युक्त' सही, 'उपरोक्त' अशुद्ध; 'पुनरुक्ति' सही; 'आशीर्वाद' सही; 'विद्यार्थी' में दीर्घ ई; 'कवयित्री' सही स्त्रीलिंग रूप।

गद्यांश हल करने का क्रम: पहले प्रश्न पढ़ें, फिर गद्यांश; उत्तर केवल अनुच्छेद में दिए तथ्यों पर आधारित रखें; 'इनमें से कोई नहीं' वाले विकल्प तभी चुनें जब कोई विकल्प सही न हो।