RSMSSB Agriculture Supervisor cheat sheet

Crop season in Rajasthan: Kharif (June-July sowing, Oct harvest: bajra, jowar, maize, cotton, groundnut, moth, moong); Rabi (Oct-Nov sowing, Mar-Apr harvest: wheat, barley, gram, mustard, cumin); Zaid (Mar-Jun: fodder, vegetables, melons).

Principal crops by state rank: Rajasthan is India's largest producer of mustard (rapeseed), bajra (pearl millet), cumin, coriander, and guar; second in gram and total coarse cereals.

Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum) needs 400-600 mm rainfall and 25-35°C; grown on light sandy soils of western Rajasthan; hybrid varieties: HHB-67 Improved, RHB-173, Pusa Composite 383.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) requires 12-25°C, 450-650 mm water, and 6-7 irrigations; CRI (crown root initiation) at 20-25 DAS is the most critical irrigation stage.

Seed rate rules: wheat 100 kg/ha, bajra 4-5 kg/ha, mustard 4-5 kg/ha, gram 75-80 kg/ha, cotton (BT) 1.5-2 kg/ha; seed rate rises when germination percentage falls.

Cropping intensity = (net sown area / gross cropped area) x 100 related ratio; Rajasthan cropping intensity is about 130-140% because of large single-cropped western districts.

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) gum is used in oil drilling and food; Rajasthan produces over 80% of India's guar; sown in Kharif on sandy loam with 30-45 cm rainfall.

Crop rotation with legumes fixes 40-80 kg N/ha through Rhizobium symbiosis and breaks pest cycles; cereal-legume rotation is the standard recommendation for Rajasthan's rainfed tracts.

Tillage: ploughing depth 15-20 cm; primary tillage breaks hardpan, secondary tillage prepares seedbed; zero tillage conserves moisture and is used after paddy and in wheat under conservation agriculture.

Seed treatment order: fungicide first, then insecticide, then biofertilizer (Rhizobium/Azotobacter) last; biofertilizer is never mixed with chemical fungicide.

Irrigation scheduling by IW/CPE ratio: irrigate when irrigation water depth divided by cumulative pan evaporation reaches 0.8-1.0 for most crops; 0.6 for moisture-sensitive crops.

Weed control: pre-emergence pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha in wheat, atrazine 0.5 kg/ha in maize; herbicide rotation prevents resistance; 2,4-D is used post-emergence in wheat at 30-35 DAS.

Fertilizer dose for wheat: 120:60:40 kg N:P2O5:K2O per ha; half N and full P-K at sowing, remaining N split at first and second irrigation (tillering and jointing).

Water use efficiency (WUE) = crop yield / water consumed (kg grain per mm or per m3); mulching and ridge-furrow planting raise WUE in arid zones.

Biological nitrogen fixation by Azolla in paddy and green manure (dhaincha, sunhemp) supplies 40-60 kg N/ha; green manure is incorporated at 45-50 days before flowering.

Dryland agronomy: moisture conservation by contour bunding, compartmental bunding, mulching, and summer ploughing; contingency crops in Rajasthan include moth, moong, and guar.

Soil texture triangle: sand >2.0-0.05 mm, silt 0.05-0.002 mm, clay <0.002 mm; loam is a balanced mixture and is best for most crops.

Rajasthan soils: desert soils (western districts, sandy, low organic matter), alluvial (eastern plains, fertile), black soils (southeast, high clay), red and laterite (southern fringes).

Soil pH scale 0-14; pH 6.5-7.5 is ideal. Acid soils (pH<6) are corrected with lime; alkaline/sodic soils (pH>8.5, ESP>15) are reclaimed with gypsum.

Organic carbon: >0.75% is high, 0.5-0.75% medium, <0.5% low; Rajasthan's arid soils commonly fall below 0.5% and need FYM or green manure.

Essential plant nutrients: 17 total; macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and micro (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl, Ni); Rajasthan soils are widely deficient in N, Zn, and Fe.

Law of minimum (Liebig): yield is limited by the nutrient in shortest supply; balanced fertilization addresses the most limiting nutrient first.

Fertilizer grades: urea 46-0-0, DAP 18-46-0, SSP 0-16-0 (plus 11% S and 19% Ca), MOP 0-0-60, CAN 26-0-0; convert nutrient dose to fertilizer weight by dividing by nutrient fraction.

Soil erosion control: contour bunding, terracing, windbreaks (shelterbelts) against wind erosion, and check dams; Rajasthan's western districts face severe wind erosion.

Vegetable classification: solanaceous (tomato, brinjal, chilli), cucurbits (cucumber, melon, bottle gourd), cole crops (cabbage, cauliflower), root crops (carrot, radish), leafy (spinach, methi).

Nursery raising: raised beds 10-15 cm high, well-drained, partial shade; seedlings are ready for transplanting at 3-5 true leaves; hardening for 5-7 days before transplanting.

Tomato: transplant at 25-30 days, spacing 60x45 cm, staking and pruning; blossom-end rot indicates calcium deficiency; fruit borer controlled by pheromone traps and Bt.

Fruit crops of Rajasthan: ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) is the most important arid fruit; also aonla (Indian gooseberry), pomegranate, guava, and date palm in the western districts.

Propagation: grafting (mango, ber), budding (ber, citrus), cutting (grape, pomegranate), layering (guava), and seed (papaya); ber is propagated by T-budding or side grafting on Ziziphus rotundifolia rootstock.

Protected cultivation: polyhouse with 200-micron UV-stabilized film; temperature is controlled by ventilation and shading; drip plus fertigation improves water and nutrient use efficiency.

Post-harvest: precooling, grading, and cool storage; banana and mango ripen with ethylene; onion and potato need curing before storage.

Vegetable seed rate and spacing: tomato 400-500 g/ha, chilli 1-1.5 kg/ha, brinjal 500-700 g/ha; closer spacing raises plant population but increases disease pressure.

Insect mouthparts decide control: chewing insects (caterpillars, beetles) need stomach poisons (Bt, chlorantraniliprole); sucking insects (aphids, whitefly, jassids) need systemic or contact insecticides.

Economic threshold level (ETL): pest density at which control is justified to prevent economic loss; scouting and ETL-based spraying reduce unnecessary pesticide use.

Bajra pest: shoot fly (Atherigona approximata) causes dead hearts; control by timely sowing and seed treatment with imidacloprid; downy mildew is the key bajra disease.

Wheat diseases: yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) gives yellow stripes and is favoured by cool humid weather; loose smut is seed-borne and controlled by carboxin or tebuconazole seed treatment.

Mustard: aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) is the main pest; Alternaria blight and white rust are major diseases; crop rotation and resistant varieties reduce losses.

Cotton: pink bollworm is managed by pheromone traps, timely termination of the crop, and refugia around Bt cotton; whitefly transmits cotton leaf curl virus.

Integrated pest management (IPM): cultural (rotation, resistant varieties, timely sowing), mechanical (traps), biological (Trichogramma, NPV, predators), chemical as last resort.

Pesticide safety: follow label dose and pre-harvest interval (PHI); wear protective gear; never spray against the wind; rotate modes of action to delay resistance.

Rajasthan livestock: cattle (Rathi, Tharparkar, Gir, Kankrej), buffalo (Murrah, Surti, Jaffarabadi), sheep (Marwari, Chokla, Magra, Nali), goats (Sirohi, Marwari, Barbari), camel (Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri).

Rumen fermentation: rumen microbes digest cellulose into volatile fatty acids; rumen pH 6.0-7.0; sudden grain feeding causes acidosis; urea is fed carefully as a non-protein nitrogen source.

Milk composition: cow milk about 3.5-4.0% fat and 8.5% solids-not-fat; buffalo milk about 6-7% fat; colostrum is the first milk and is rich in antibodies.

Reproduction: oestrus cycle 18-24 days in cattle and buffalo; gestation 280-285 days in cattle, 305-310 days in buffalo, 150 days in goat, 147 days in sheep.

Common diseases: foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is viral and vaccinated every 6 months; mastitis is udder inflammation; HS and BQ are bacterial and vaccinated annually; PPR affects goats and sheep.

Vaccination schedule: FMD biannual, HS and BQ annual before monsoon, PPR in sheep and goats annually, brucellosis in female calves at 4-8 months.

Feed: roughage and concentrate ratio; balanced ration supplies energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins; mineral mixture at 50-100 g/day improves reproduction and milk yield.

Poultry: incubation 21 days for chicken, 28 days for duck; broiler market weight in 5-6 weeks; layer starts laying at 18-20 weeks.

Rajasthan formed 30 March 1949 by merging princely states; capital Jaipur; 33 districts; state animal chinkara, state bird Godawan (great Indian bustard), state tree khejri, state flower rohida.

Geographic extremes: northernmost district Ganganagar (also largest by area); southernmost Banswara; westernmost Jaisalmer; easternmost Dholpur; smallest district Dholpur.

Rivers: Chambal (only perennial river, from Madhya Pradesh), Luni (only river of the arid west, ends in the Rann of Kutch), Banas (only river originating and ending within Rajasthan).

Deserts and hills: Thar Desert covers about 60% of the state; Aravalli is the oldest fold mountain range, highest peak Guru Shikhar (1,722 m) on Mount Abu.

Lakes: Sambhar (largest saltwater lake), Pushkar, Pichola, Fatehsagar; Keoladeo Ghana National Park (Bharatpur) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and bird sanctuary.

Dams and canals: Indira Gandhi Canal (from Harike barrage on Sutlej-Beas) irrigates the Thar; Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar on the Chambal; Mahi Bajaj Sagar on the Mahi.

Culture: Pushkar fair, Desert Festival Jaisalmer, Teej and Gangaur festivals; folk dances Ghoomar, Kalbeliya, Chari, and Terah Taali; langas and manganiyars are folk musicians.

Current affairs: Rajasthan government schemes include Mukhyamantri Kisan Samman Nidhi, Rajiv Gandhi Krishak Sathi Sahayata Yojana, and the Indira Gandhi Urban Employment Guarantee; verify latest notifications before the exam.

Indira Gandhi Canal Project (IGNP): starts at Harike barrage, Punjab; total length about 649 km; supplies drinking water to Jaisalmer and irrigation to Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Churu, and Barmer.

PM-KISAN: Rs 6,000 per year in three instalments of Rs 2,000 to eligible landholding farmer families; e-KYC and land record linkage are required.

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): crop insurance with farmer premium of 2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi, and 5% for commercial/horticultural crops; claims settled for notified perils.

Kisan Credit Card (KCC): short-term crop loan up to Rs 3 lakh at 7% interest with 3% prompt repayment incentive, effectively 4%; also covers dairy and fisheries.

Soil Health Card scheme: soil tested every 2 years; card reports 12 parameters and recommends nutrient doses; Rajasthan issues cards through state soil testing labs.

Rajasthan irrigation sources: canal irrigation dominates in Ganganagar and Hanumangarh; tube wells dominate elsewhere; drip and sprinkler subsidies under PMKSY (Per Drop More Crop).

Rajasthan Krishi departments: Agriculture Department, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute (Durgapura, Jaipur), and KVKs; state schemes include Krishak Sathi Sahayata Yojana for crop loss.

Rajasthan land records: Apna Khata portal for jamabandi; e-Mitra for government services; the Rajasthan Land Revenue Act governs agricultural land use.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2, catalysed by chlorophyll in chloroplasts; light reaction makes ATP and NADPH, dark reaction (Calvin cycle) fixes CO2.

Respiration: aerobic respiration of glucose yields about 36-38 ATP; anaerobic respiration in plants yields ethanol and CO2 and about 2 ATP.

Plant hormones: auxin (cell elongation, rooting), gibberellin (stem elongation, germination), cytokinin (cell division), abscisic acid (stomatal closure, dormancy), ethylene (ripening).

Cell: plant cells have a cell wall of cellulose, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole; mitochondria are the powerhouse; nucleus holds DNA.

Units: 1 hectare = 10,000 m2 = 2.471 acres; 1 quintal = 100 kg; 1 tonne = 10 quintals; 1 kg = 2.2046 lb; 1 litre = 1,000 mL.

pH and acidity: acids have pH below 7, bases above 7; pH is the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration; each unit is a tenfold change.

Electricity basics: Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI; energy in kWh = power in kW x hours; a 100 W bulb for 10 hours uses 1 kWh (one unit).

Human nutrition: deficiency of vitamin A causes night blindness, vitamin C scurvy, vitamin D rickets, iron anaemia, and iodine goitre.

Ecosystem components: producers (plants), consumers (herbivores, carnivores), decomposers (bacteria, fungi), and abiotic factors (light, water, soil, temperature).

Food chain and food web: energy flows from producers to consumers; only about 10% of energy passes to the next trophic level (10% law); food webs are more stable than single chains.

Biogeochemical cycles: carbon (photosynthesis and respiration), nitrogen (fixation, nitrification, denitrification), phosphorus (no gaseous phase), and water cycle.

Biodiversity hotspots and protected areas in Rajasthan: Ranthambore and Sariska (tiger), Keoladeo (birds), Desert National Park (great Indian bustard), Mukundra Hills, and Tal Chhapar (blackbuck).

Pollution: BOD measures organic pollution of water; eutrophication is nutrient enrichment causing algal blooms; greenhouse gases include CO2, CH4, N2O, and CFCs.

Global warming: CO2 is the largest contributor by volume; methane has about 25 times the warming potential of CO2; ozone layer depletion is caused by CFCs.

Sustainable agriculture: organic farming avoids synthetic inputs; crop residue burning is banned and causes air pollution; stubble mulching and happy seeder are alternatives.

Environmental law: Environment Protection Act 1986, Air Act 1981, Water Act 1974; the National Green Tribunal hears environmental cases; environmental impact assessment is required for large projects.

Percentage: a% of b = (a x b)/100; percentage increase = (new - old)/old x 100; successive change of a% and b% equals a + b + ab/100.

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP - CP)/CP x 100; loss% = (CP - SP)/CP x 100; SP = CP x (100 + profit%)/100.

Simple interest SI = P x R x T/100; compound interest CI = P[(1 + R/100)^T - 1]; for 2 years CI - SI = P(R/100)^2.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; divide an amount in ratio m:n by parts m/(m+n) and n/(m+n).

Average = sum of values / number of values; if every value increases by k, the average increases by k; weighted average uses weights.

Time, speed, distance: distance = speed x time; convert km/h to m/s by multiplying by 5/18; relative speed adds when moving opposite, subtracts when same direction.

Area and volume: rectangle area = l x b; circle area = pi r^2, circumference = 2 pi r; cylinder volume = pi r^2 h; 1 m3 = 1,000 litres.

Work: if A does work in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days; time and work problems use rate = 1/days.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes; alternating series split into odd and even positions.

Coding-decoding: letter position A=1 to Z=26; reverse position = 27 - position; shift ciphers move letters by a fixed number.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; use + for male and - for female; vertical lines for generations and horizontal lines for siblings/spouses.

Direction sense: draw the path on paper; net displacement uses Pythagoras when turns are at right angles; left/right depends on facing direction.

Computer basics: CPU is the brain with ALU and control unit; RAM is volatile primary memory; ROM is non-volatile; 1 KB = 1,024 bytes, 1 MB = 1,024 KB, 1 GB = 1,024 MB.

Input/output: keyboard, mouse, scanner are input; monitor, printer, plotter are output; both input and output: touchscreen, modem.

Software: operating system manages hardware and software (Windows, Linux); application software includes MS Word, Excel, and PowerPoint; Excel formulas start with '='.

Internet: WWW uses HTTP/HTTPS; email needs a unique address; URL identifies a resource; a browser renders web pages; firewall filters network traffic.

Soil and water conservation structures for Rajasthan: contour bund, graded bund, check dam, and khadin (traditional runoff farming in Jaisalmer and Barmer).

Khadin system: a bund across a slope collects runoff during monsoon; the trapped moisture supports Rabi crops such as wheat, gram, and mustard without irrigation.

Seed germination requires water, oxygen, and suitable temperature; viability testing by tetrazolium or germination test; certified seed carries a blue tag, foundation seed a white tag.

Crop yield components: for cereals, yield = number of ears per m2 x grains per ear x test weight (1,000-grain weight).

Cropping systems: sole cropping, mixed cropping, intercropping, and sequence cropping; intercropping with a legume raises total productivity and soil nitrogen.

Pest and disease surveillance: roving survey and fixed plot survey; district-level pest monitoring guides advisory bulletins to farmers.

Farm machinery: seed drill for line sowing, rotavator for seedbed preparation, thresher for grain separation; laser land levelling saves 20-25% irrigation water.

Crop geometry and plant population: plant population per ha = 10,000 / (row spacing in m x plant spacing in m); closer rows raise population and yield up to a limit.

Nutrient use efficiency: agronomic efficiency = (yield in fertilized plot - yield in control) / nutrient applied; improves with split application and placement.

Irrigation methods: surface (flood, furrow), sprinkler (light sandy soils, undulating land), drip (wide-row and horticultural crops, 40-60% water saving).

Crop water requirement (ETc) = reference evapotranspiration (ETo) x crop coefficient (Kc); Kc varies by growth stage.

Integrated nutrient management: combine organic manure, biofertilizer, and chemical fertilizer to maintain soil health and yields; FYM supplies about 0.5% N.

Harvesting indices: wheat harvested at 12-14% grain moisture; paddy at 20-22%; delayed harvest causes shattering and quality loss.

Crop residue management: retain residue as mulch for moisture conservation; never burn, as it destroys organic matter and soil microbes.

Soil profile horizons: O (organic), A (topsoil, humus-rich), B (subsoil, accumulation), C (weathered parent material), R (bedrock).

Cation exchange capacity (CEC): the soil's capacity to hold exchangeable cations; high clay and organic matter raise CEC; sandy soils have low CEC and leach nutrients faster.

Base saturation = (exchangeable bases / CEC) x 100; higher base saturation means more fertile soil.

Soil moisture constants: field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water capacity = field capacity - wilting point.

Nitrogen cycle in soil: ammonification, nitrification (Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter), denitrification, and fixation; waterlogged soils lose N by denitrification.

Micronutrient deficiency symptoms: zinc causes white bud and little leaf; iron causes interveinal chlorosis; boron causes hollow heart; manganese causes grey speck.

Soil testing interpretation: low, medium, and high categories guide fertilizer dose; fertilizer recommendation = (target yield nutrient need - soil supply) / fertilizer efficiency.

Kitchen garden planning: quick-growing leafy vegetables, then solanaceous and cucurbits; crop rotation avoids soil-borne disease buildup.

Training and pruning: training shapes the plant, pruning removes unproductive wood and improves light penetration; ber and guava are pruned after harvest.

Fruit drop control: fruit drop is reduced by timely irrigation, balanced nutrition (boron, zinc), and growth regulators such as NAA and GA3.

Vegetable grafting: graft tomato on resistant rootstock to manage soil-borne wilt and nematodes; grafting is common in protected cultivation.

Ripening and storage: ethylene is used for banana and mango ripening; onion is cured in shade for 2-3 weeks before storage.

Seed production: isolation distance prevents cross-pollination; tomato needs 50 m, chilli 400 m for certified seed; roguing removes off-types.

Orchard layout: square, rectangular, quincunx, and hexagonal systems; plant density depends on canopy size and mechanization.

Insect classification by damage: borers (stem/fruit), defoliators, sap suckers, and stored-grain pests; each group needs a different control strategy.

Disease triangle: disease occurs when a susceptible host, virulent pathogen, and favourable environment coincide; breaking any one factor prevents disease.

Plant disease symptoms: necrosis, chlorosis, wilting, gall, canker, and mosaic; signs include mycelium, spores, and bacterial ooze.

Seed-borne disease control: hot water treatment, solar treatment, and fungicidal seed dressing; loose smut of wheat needs systemic seed treatment.

Biological control agents: Trichoderma for soil-borne fungi, Bacillus thuringiensis for caterpillars, NPV for Helicoverpa, and Trichogramma egg parasitoids.

Pesticide formulation codes: EC (emulsifiable concentrate), WP (wettable powder), SC (suspension concentrate), G (granule); dose is given as a.i. or formulation per ha.

Resistance management: rotate insecticide groups with different modes of action; avoid sub-lethal doses; follow label recommendations.

Cattle breeds of Rajasthan: Rathi (Bikaner, high milk fat), Tharparkar (Jodhpur-Barmer, dual purpose), Gir and Kankrej (southern districts); all are zebu cattle.

Sheep breeds: Marwari (Jodhpur, white wool), Chokla (Shekhawati, carpet wool), Magra (Bikaner, high-quality wool), Nali (Ganganagar-Jhunjhunu).

Goat breeds: Sirohi (dual purpose), Marwari (meat), Barbari (Jhunjhunu, small size), and Jamnapari (tall, high milk) in the eastern fringe.

Camel breeds: Bikaneri (Bikaner, riding and load), Jaisalmeri (fast riding), Nachna and Mewari; camel milk and camel hair are additional products.

Milk yield factors: breed, parity, stage of lactation, feeding, and management; peak yield occurs at 6-8 weeks after calving.

Artificial insemination: semen collected and preserved in liquid nitrogen at -196°C; AI improves genetic progress and controls venereal disease.

Common zoonoses: brucellosis, rabies, tuberculosis, and anthrax; milk should be pasteurized before consumption.

Poultry housing: floor space about 1 sq ft per bird for broilers; litter management prevents coccidiosis; vaccination against Ranikhet (ND) and IBD.

Divisions of Rajasthan: Jaipur, Jodhpur, Ajmer, Kota, Udaipur, Bikaner, and Bharatpur; each is headed by a divisional commissioner.

Historical places: Chittorgarh (largest fort in India), Kumbhalgarh (longest wall after Great Wall), Jaisalmer Fort (living fort), and Mehrangarh (Jodhpur).

Fairs: Pushkar (Kartik, camel fair), Nagaur cattle fair, Baneshwar fair (Banswara), and Ramdevra fair (Jaisalmer).

Minerals: Rajasthan is a leading producer of zinc (Zawar), lead, marble (Makrana), and sandstone; it is also a major producer of rock phosphate and gypsum.

Power: Rajasthan has large solar parks at Bhadla (Jodhpur) and wind farms at Jaisalmer; the state is a leader in renewable energy capacity.

Transport: major railway junctions at Jaipur, Ajmer, Kota, and Jodhpur; Jaipur International Airport is the main airport.

Education and research: agriculture universities include SKN Agriculture University (Jobner) and MPUAT (Udaipur); Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute is at Durgapura.

Governance: the Chief Minister heads the state; the Governor is the constitutional head; the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly has 200 seats.

PMKSY (Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana): 'Har Khet Ko Pani' and 'Per Drop More Crop'; supports micro-irrigation with subsidy up to 55% for small and marginal farmers.

Soil Health Card scheme: soil samples tested at 2-year intervals; card lists 12 parameters and crop-wise fertilizer recommendations.

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): promotes organic farming clusters with certification through PGS-India.

Rajasthan's Mukhyamantri Kisan Samman Nidhi complements PM-KISAN with additional state support; verify current amounts from official notifications.

Rajiv Gandhi Krishak Sathi Sahayata Yojana: state compensation for crop loss due to natural calamity, over and above crop insurance.

e-NAM (National Agriculture Market): online trading platform linking mandis; Rajasthan has many regulated mandis integrated with e-NAM.

Agriculture credit: KCC, agri-term loans, and interest subvention; NABARD refinances rural infrastructure and irrigation projects.

Drought management: Rajasthan's Desert Development Programme and Drought Prone Area Programme fund water harvesting and pasture development.

Plant nutrition: nitrogen for vegetative growth, phosphorus for root development and flowering, potassium for quality and disease resistance; calcium strengthens cell walls.

Soil microorganisms: Rhizobium in legume root nodules fixes atmospheric nitrogen; Azotobacter and Azospirillum are free-living fixers; mycorrhiza improves phosphorus uptake.

Genetics: Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment; hybrid seed is produced by crossing inbred lines; Bt cotton carries a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis.

Plant reproduction: self-pollinated crops (wheat, rice, tomato) versus cross-pollinated crops (maize, bajra, mustard); pollination agents include wind, insects, and water.

Measurement conversions: 1 acre = 0.4047 ha; 1 bigha varies by state and is about 0.25 ha in Rajasthan; 1 quintal per ha = 100 kg/ha.

Heat and temperature: Celsius to Fahrenheit F = (9/5)C + 32; boiling point of water 100°C at sea level; latent heat of vaporization 540 cal/g.

Light: photosynthesis uses red and blue light most efficiently; photoperiodism controls flowering; long-day plants flower when day length exceeds a critical value.

Human health: balanced diet supplies energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals; deficiency diseases include kwashiorkor (protein) and beriberi (vitamin B1).

Ecological succession: primary succession starts on bare rock; secondary succession follows disturbance; climax community is stable and self-sustaining.

Biodiversity levels: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity; India is a megadiverse country with four hotspots, including the Western Ghats and Himalaya.

Pollution indicators: lichens indicate clean air; coliform bacteria indicate sewage contamination of water; BOD and COD measure organic load.

Climate change impacts on agriculture: rising temperature shortens crop duration, shifts rainfall, and increases pest outbreaks; adaptation includes drought-tolerant varieties and water harvesting.

Waste management: 3R principle (reduce, reuse, recycle); composting converts farm waste to manure; biogas plants produce methane for fuel.

Forest and wildlife: Rajasthan's forest cover is about 8% of its area; joint forest management involves local communities in protection.

Soil conservation and desertification: shelterbelts, sand dune stabilization with khejri and sewan grass, and check dams reduce desert spread.

Environmental conventions: Ramsar (wetlands), Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement (climate), and Convention on Biological Diversity (biodiversity).

Fractions and decimals: convert fractions to percentages by multiplying by 100; 1/8 = 12.5%, 1/6 = 16.67%, 1/3 = 33.33%.

Allegation and mixture: the ratio of two components = difference of the cheaper from the mean : difference of the dearer from the mean.

Partnership: profit shares are proportional to capital x time; if capitals are equal, shares are proportional to time.

Boats and streams: downstream speed = boat + stream, upstream = boat - stream; speed in still water = (downstream + upstream)/2.

Mensuration: area of triangle = 1/2 x base x height; area of trapezium = 1/2 x (sum of parallel sides) x height; volume of sphere = 4/3 pi r^3.

Number properties: divisibility by 3 when digit sum is divisible by 3; by 9 when digit sum is divisible by 9; by 11 when alternating sum is divisible by 11.

Simple interest problems: if SI is given, rate R = (100 x SI)/(P x T); time T = (100 x SI)/(P x R).

Statistics: mean = sum/n; median is the middle value of ordered data; mode is the most frequent value; range = maximum - minimum.

Analogy: identify the relationship (part-whole, cause-effect, worker-workplace) and apply it to the second pair.

Classification (odd one out): find the shared property of all but one item; common properties include number type, letter position, and category.

Syllogism: use Venn diagrams; conclusions must be true in all possible diagrams; 'some' and 'all' statements follow specific rules.

Seating arrangement: fix the reference person, then place others according to left/right and facing direction; draw a circle or line diagram.

Computer memory hierarchy: registers (fastest), cache, RAM, then secondary storage such as hard disk and SSD (slowest but non-volatile).

File management: a file has a name and extension; a folder organizes files; deleting to recycle bin allows recovery; Ctrl+C copies and Ctrl+V pastes.

MS Word and Excel: Ctrl+B bold, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+Z undo; Excel functions SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN; cell reference A1 is column A row 1.

Computer security: use strong passwords, antivirus software, and regular backups; phishing is a fraudulent attempt to obtain credentials; do not share OTPs.

Rajasthan crop calendar: Kharif sowing with monsoon onset (late June), Rabi sowing October-November, Zaid March-June; delayed sowing reduces yield in wheat and mustard.

Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia) is a drought-hardy Kharif pulse of western Rajasthan; it is the state's traditional arid-zone crop.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is a Rabi spice crop of Rajasthan grown on sandy loam; it is sensitive to excess moisture and needs cool, dry weather at maturity.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is grown for seed and leaves; Rajasthan leads in seed coriander production; sowing in October-November with 2-3 irrigations.

Isabgol (Plantago ovata) is a medicinal crop of western Rajasthan; it needs cool weather and low rainfall and is grown mainly in Jalore, Barmer, and Jaisalmer.

Henna (mehndi, Lawsonia inermis) is grown in Pali, Jodhpur, and Barmer; leaves are harvested and dried for dye.

Crop damage assessment: yield loss estimated by comparing damaged and undamaged plots; crop insurance claims require timely reporting to the agriculture department.

Sowing methods: broadcasting, drilling (line sowing), dibbling, transplanting, and ridge-furrow; line sowing saves seed and eases weeding.

Seed treatment with Rhizobium for legumes and Azotobacter for cereals raises yield by 10-15% and reduces nitrogen need.

Weed classification: grasses, sedges, and broadleaf weeds; sedges (Cyperus) need different herbicides and are common in paddy.

Herbicide application: pre-emergence sprays need soil moisture; post-emergence sprays need proper crop and weed stage; spray evenly with a flat-fan nozzle.

Irrigation water quality: electrical conductivity (EC) above 1 dS/m needs careful management; saline water is used with tolerant crops and leaching.

Crop stand and thinning: thinning to the recommended plant population prevents competition; gap filling within 10-15 days maintains yield.

Farm planning: crop rotation with legumes, timely operations, and matching machinery to field size reduce cost of cultivation.

Soil formation factors: parent material, climate, relief, organisms, and time; climate is the dominant factor in Rajasthan's arid soils.

Soil structure types: granular (best for crops), blocky, prismatic, platy, and single grain (sandy); organic matter improves aggregation.

Soil erosion types: sheet, rill, gully, and wind erosion; the universal soil loss equation estimates water erosion from rainfall, soil, slope, crop, and management factors.

Salt-affected soils: saline soils have high EC and white crust; sodic soils have high ESP and poor structure; gypsum treats sodic soils, while drainage and leaching treat saline soils.

Organic manures: FYM (about 0.5% N, 0.2% P, 0.5% K), compost, vermicompost, and green manure; they improve water holding capacity and microbial activity.

Fertilizer application methods: broadcasting, band placement, drilling with seed, fertigation, and foliar spray; placement near roots raises efficiency.

Soil fertility evaluation: soil testing, plant analysis, and field trials; critical limits classify soils as low, medium, or high in a nutrient.

Vegetable nursery diseases: damping-off is controlled by raised beds, clean seed, and fungicidal drenching with captan or carbendazim.

Cauliflower and cabbage: curd or head formation needs cool weather; boron deficiency causes hollow stem and brown curd.

Onion: bulb formation depends on day length; short-day varieties suit Rajasthan; curing and storage reduce losses.

Chilli: transplant at 4-6 weeks; leaf curl is transmitted by thrips and mites; use yellow sticky traps and acaricides.

Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana): varieties Gola, Seb, Umran, and Mundia; Umran is late-maturing and high-yielding; pruning after harvest improves fruit size.

Aonla (Emblica officinalis): propagated by patch budding; fruits are rich in vitamin C; grown in Udaipur, Jaipur, and Ajmer districts.

Pomegranate: drought-tolerant fruit for arid zones; bahar treatment (regulated irrigation and pruning) controls flowering season.

Pest surveillance methods: light traps, pheromone traps, yellow and blue sticky traps, and sweep nets; trap catches indicate pest arrival.

Locusts: gregarious phase forms swarms that damage crops; control by insecticidal spraying and early warning from the Locust Warning Organisation, Jodhpur.

Storage pests: Sitophilus (weevil) in wheat, Trogoderma (khapra beetle) in grain; control by clean storage, fumigation with aluminium phosphide, and hermetic bags.

Nematodes: root-knot nematode causes galls; control by crop rotation, resistant varieties, and soil application of neem cake or carbofuran.

Fungal disease control: seed treatment, resistant varieties, crop rotation, and fungicides such as mancozeb, carbendazim, and propiconazole.

Viral diseases: mostly transmitted by insect vectors; control the vector and use certified virus-free seed; there is no chemical cure for virus infection.

Rodent control in fields: burrow fumigation, poison baiting with zinc phosphide, and habitat destruction; rodent control reduces post-harvest loss.

Digestive system of ruminants: four compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum); rumen is the largest and hosts microbes that digest fibre.

Milk preservation: pasteurization kills pathogens; chilling to 4°C slows bacterial growth; clean milking and utensils prevent mastitis and spoilage.

Common cattle diseases: FMD, HS, BQ, black quarter, and mastitis; symptoms include fever, vesicles, and reduced milk yield; vaccination is the main prevention.

PPR (peste des petits ruminants): viral disease of sheep and goats with fever, nasal discharge, and diarrhoea; vaccination gives lifelong protection.

Poultry diseases: Ranikhet (Newcastle disease) and IBD are viral; fowl pox is controlled by vaccination; coccidiosis is controlled by anticoccidial drugs and dry litter.

Animal breeding: selection, crossbreeding, and artificial insemination; inbreeding reduces vigour; crossbreeding improves milk yield in non-descript cattle.

Feed additives: mineral mixture, salt, and vitamins; urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) supplies nitrogen and energy in lean seasons.

Livestock census: conducted every 5 years; Rajasthan has a large share of the country's camel, sheep, and goat population.

Districts of Rajasthan: 33 districts after the 2023 reorganization; new districts include Anupgarh, Balotra, Deeg, Didwana-Kuchaman, Dudu, Gangapur City, Jaipur North, Jaipur South, Jodhpur East, Jodhpur West, Kekri, Kotputli-Behror, Khairthal-Tijara, Neem Ka Thana, Phalodi, Salumbar, Sanchore, Shahpura, and Sirohi.

Climate: arid in the west (annual rainfall below 200 mm in Jaisalmer) and semi-arid to subhumid in the east (up to 800 mm in Jhalawar); most rain comes from the southwest monsoon in July-September.

Agriculture in Rajasthan: about 70% of the population depends on agriculture; the state has the largest net sown area in India but low productivity because of low rainfall.

Irrigation: canal, tube well, and tank irrigation; tube wells account for the largest share of irrigated area; only about 25-30% of the cropped area is irrigated.

Livestock economy: Rajasthan ranks first in camel population and is a leading producer of wool, milk, and mutton; the Rajasthan Livestock Development Board supports breeders.

Tourism: Jaipur, Udaipur, Jaisalmer, and Mount Abu are major destinations; the Palace on Wheels is a luxury train; tourism is a major state revenue source.

State symbols: state game animal chinkara; state bird Godawan (great Indian bustard); state tree khejri; state flower rohida; state fruit? - verify current official notifications before the exam.

Current affairs: check the latest state budget, minimum support prices, and scheme amounts from official Rajasthan government sources; figures change every year.

Rajasthan Agriculture Marketing: regulated mandis (krishi upaj mandi) under the Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Markets Act; e-NAM integration enables online bidding.

Minimum Support Price (MSP): announced by the central government on the recommendation of CACP; wheat, mustard, gram, and bajra are procured in Rajasthan through designated agencies.

Crop insurance in Rajasthan: PMFBY covers notified crops and blocks; farmers must report crop loss within 72 hours to the insurance company or agriculture department.

Rajasthan irrigation projects: IGNP, Mahi Bajaj Sagar, Chambal command, and the ERCP (Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project) linking the Chambal and Banas basins.

Drip and sprinkler subsidy: PMKSY micro-irrigation component gives up to 55% subsidy for small and marginal farmers and 45% for others.

Farm mechanization scheme: subsidy on tractors, rotavators, and seed drills under the Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization; custom hiring centres provide machinery to small farmers.

Rajasthan's soil and water conservation: watershed development programmes, khadin, tanka, and nadi construction for rainwater harvesting in the arid west.

Agricultural education and extension: KVKs, agriculture supervisor cadre, and gram panchayat-level extension workers deliver advisory services to farmers.

Plant classification: dicots have two cotyledons and net venation; monocots have one cotyledon and parallel venation; cereals are monocots and pulses are dicots.

Photosynthesis factors: light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature, and water; C4 plants (maize, bajra) are more efficient in hot, dry conditions than C3 plants (wheat).

Transpiration: loss of water vapour through stomata; it cools the plant and pulls water upward; stomata close in drought to conserve water.

Plant tissue: xylem transports water and minerals upward; phloem transports food from leaves to other parts.

Fertilizer chemistry: urea is a nitrogen fertilizer with 46% N; DAP supplies nitrogen and phosphorus; potash supplies potassium; over-application pollutes water.

Disease and immunity: vaccines train the immune system; antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses; antibiotic resistance arises from misuse.

Basic physics: density = mass/volume; pressure = force/area; work = force x distance; power = work/time.

Basic chemistry: water is H2O; common salt is NaCl; baking soda is NaHCO3; lime is CaCO3 or CaO; gypsum is CaSO4.2H2O.

Ecosystem services: provisioning (food, water), regulating (climate, pollination), supporting (soil formation), and cultural (recreation) services.

Carbon sequestration: trees and soil organic matter store carbon; agroforestry and residue retention increase soil carbon.

Water conservation: rainwater harvesting, check dams, farm ponds, and watershed management recharge groundwater and support irrigation.

Air pollution: suspended particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) harms health; crop residue burning and vehicular emissions are major sources in northern India.

Biodiversity conservation: in-situ conservation in national parks and sanctuaries; ex-situ conservation in zoos, botanical gardens, and seed banks.

Desert ecology: xerophytes adapt with thick cuticles, deep roots, and reduced leaves; khejri, sewan, and cactus are typical arid-zone species.

Environmental impact of agriculture: fertilizer runoff causes eutrophication; pesticide residues harm non-target organisms; integrated nutrient and pest management reduce harm.

Renewable energy: solar and wind power reduce fossil fuel dependence; Rajasthan leads in solar energy capacity with the Bhadla Solar Park.

Percentage of a number: to find 15% of 240, compute 240 x 15/100 = 36; to increase by 20%, multiply by 1.20.

Ratio to percentage: a:b as a percentage = a/(a+b) x 100 for the share of a.

Simple and compound interest difference: for 2 years at R%, CI - SI = P(R/100)^2; for 3 years it also involves the third power.

Average speed: when equal distances are covered at speeds x and y, average speed = 2xy/(x + y), not the arithmetic mean.

Pipes and cisterns: filling rate = 1/time; if a pipe fills in x hours and another empties in y hours, net rate = 1/x - 1/y.

Geometry: sum of angles of a triangle is 180°; Pythagoras theorem applies to right triangles; area of a circle is pi r^2.

Data interpretation: read tables and bar graphs carefully; compute percentages and averages from the given data; check units.

Number system: LCM x HCF = product of the two numbers; prime numbers have exactly two factors.

Alphabet series: learn forward and reverse letter positions; EJOTY (E=5, J=10, O=15, T=20, Y=25) helps quick recall.

Clock and calendar: clock hands coincide every 65 5/11 minutes; a leap year has 366 days and shifts the day by 2.

Mirror and water images: mirror image reverses left and right; water image reverses top and bottom; practice with letters and numbers.

Statement and assumption: an assumption is unstated but necessary for the statement; test each option by negating it.

Computer generations: first generation used vacuum tubes; later generations used transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors.

Windows basics: desktop, taskbar, start menu, and file explorer; shortcut keys Ctrl+Alt+Del, Alt+Tab, and Windows key open the start menu.

Internet services: email, search engines, social media, and e-governance portals; e-Mitra is Rajasthan's common service centre for government services.

Digital payments: UPI enables instant bank-to-bank transfer through a virtual payment address; never share UPI PIN or OTP with anyone.

Rajasthan's major Rabi crops: wheat, barley, gram, mustard, cumin, coriander, and isabgol; wheat and mustard dominate the irrigated north and east.

Rajasthan's major Kharif crops: bajra, jowar, maize, cotton, groundnut, moth, moong, and guar; bajra dominates the western rainfed districts.

Pulses improve soil: gram, moong, moth, and guar fix nitrogen through Rhizobium and fit well in rotation with cereals.

Oilseeds: mustard is the leading oilseed of Rajasthan; groundnut and sesame are also grown; oilseed crops need sulphur for oil content.

Crop diversification: horticulture, spices, and medicinal crops give higher returns per hectare than cereals in irrigated areas.

Cropping intensity improvement: assured irrigation, short-duration varieties, and relay cropping raise cropping intensity from about 130% to over 200% in canal commands.

Farm records: keep a crop-wise record of inputs, yields, and costs to compute cost of cultivation and net returns.

Tillage implements: mouldboard plough for deep ploughing, disc harrow for secondary tillage, cultivator for weed control, and leveller for field leveling.

Sowing time: timely sowing of wheat in the first fortnight of November gives higher yield than late sowing; delayed sowing needs higher seed rate.

Irrigation scheduling by critical stages: wheat (CRI, tillering, jointing, flowering, milk), mustard (flowering and siliqua formation), gram (branching and pod formation).

Weed management: integrated approach with cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods; hand weeding at 20-25 DAS in line-sown crops.

Nutrient management: apply fertilizer based on soil test; split nitrogen application reduces leaching and improves efficiency.

Cropping system intensification: cereal-legume and cereal-oilseed rotations maintain soil fertility and reduce pest and disease buildup.

Harvest and threshing: harvest at physiological maturity; thresh at proper moisture to avoid grain damage; store at 10-12% moisture.

Soil texture and water: sandy soils drain fast and hold little water; clay soils hold water but drain slowly; loam balances both.

Soil colour: dark colour indicates organic matter; red colour indicates iron oxides; white colour indicates salts or calcium carbonate.

Soil reaction and nutrient availability: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium availability is best at pH 6.5-7.5; micronutrients become deficient at high pH.

Gypsum requirement for sodic soils: gypsum requirement (t/ha) = (ESP initial - ESP target) x CEC x 0.0017 (approximately); laboratory tests give exact doses.

Fertilizer calculation: to supply 60 kg P2O5 per ha using DAP (18-46-0), use 60/0.46 = 130 kg DAP per ha, which also supplies 23 kg N.

Soil organic matter: improves structure, water holding capacity, and nutrient supply; FYM, compost, and green manure raise organic matter.

Soil survey and classification: soil series and orders (Entisols, Aridisols, Inceptisols) describe Rajasthan's soils; soil maps guide land use planning.

Vegetable production practices: seedbed preparation, transplanting, weeding, staking, and harvesting at the right stage; harvesting in the cool part of the day preserves quality.

Tomato varieties: Pusa Ruby, Pusa Early Dwarf, Arka Vikas, and hybrid varieties; indeterminate types need staking and pruning.

Brinjal and chilli: brinjal fruit and shoot borer is controlled by clipping damaged shoots and using pheromone traps; chilli thrips cause leaf curl.

Cucurbits: bottle gourd, cucumber, and melon need well-drained soil; bee pollination improves fruit set; fruit fly controlled by pheromone and bait traps.

Root vegetables: carrot and radish need deep, loose soil free of stones; fresh seed and thin sowing give straight roots.

Leafy vegetables: spinach and methi are short-duration crops; frequent light irrigation and nitrogen top dressing give tender leaves.

Floriculture: rose, marigold, and chrysanthemum are grown for the Jaipur and Ajmer markets; protected cultivation improves flower quality.

Insect morphology: three body parts (head, thorax, abdomen), three pairs of legs, and usually two pairs of wings; insects have one pair of antennae.

Metamorphosis: complete metamorphosis (egg, larva, pupa, adult) in butterflies, beetles, and moths; incomplete in grasshoppers and aphids.

Beneficial insects: honeybees (pollination), ladybird beetles (aphid predators), and Trichogramma (egg parasitoid); conserve them by selective spraying.

Disease transmission: aphids and whiteflies transmit viruses; leafhoppers transmit mycoplasma; control vectors to control disease.

Fungicide groups: protectant (mancozeb, copper) applied before infection; systemic (carbendazim, propiconazole) absorbed by plants; rotate groups to avoid resistance.

Diagnosis: identify the pathogen by symptoms and signs; send samples to a plant protection laboratory for confirmation.

Pesticide calculation: quantity of formulation = (recommended a.i. dose x area) / (formulation concentration); check the label before mixing.

Animal nutrition: carbohydrates supply energy, proteins supply amino acids, fats supply energy, minerals and vitamins regulate body functions.

Ration formulation: balance energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins; a dairy cow needs about 1 kg concentrate per 2.5-3 kg milk produced.

Water requirement: cattle need 40-60 litres of water per day; water scarcity reduces milk yield and feed intake.

Housing: clean, dry, well-ventilated sheds; floor space about 40 sq ft per cow; proper drainage prevents hoof and udder diseases.

Common sheep and goat diseases: PPR, enterotoxaemia, and foot rot; vaccination and deworming are routine preventive measures.

Milk testing: fat content by Gerber method; adulteration detected by specific gravity and chemical tests; clean milk production is essential for quality.

Beekeeping and fisheries: apiculture supports pollination and honey production; Rajasthan has inland fisheries in tanks and reservoirs.

Livestock insurance and credit: KCC for animal husbandry and livestock insurance schemes protect farmers against loss.

Rajasthan's administrative setup: 7 divisions, 33 districts, and many tehsils and panchayat samitis; the Collector heads the district administration.

Jaipur: the Pink City, founded by Sawai Jai Singh II in 1727; the Hawa Mahal, City Palace, and Jantar Mantar are major monuments.

Jodhpur: the Blue City, with Mehrangarh Fort and Umaid Bhawan Palace; it is a major centre for handicrafts and education.

Udaipur: the City of Lakes, with Pichola, Fateh Sagar, and Udai Sagar lakes; the City Palace and Jag Mandir are major attractions.

Bikaner: known for Junagarh Fort, camel research centre (NRCC), and Bikaneri bhujia; it is a major camel-rearing district.

Kota: an industrial city on the Chambal river, known for education coaching centres and the Kota barrage.

Ajmer: the Dargah of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti; Pushkar lake and Brahma temple are nearby; Ajmer is a major railway junction.

Current affairs: follow the Rajasthan state budget, new schemes, and administrative changes from official government websites before the exam.

Rajasthan's agriculture department runs farmer advisory services through gram panchayat-level agriculture supervisors and KVKs.

Rajasthan Krishi Upaj Mandi Samiti: regulates agricultural trade, provides auction platforms, and collects mandi fee; e-NAM enables online trade.

Rajasthan's crop insurance: PMFBY and the state's weather-based crop insurance scheme cover crop loss from drought, flood, and pest attack.

Farm ponds and tanka: government support for constructing farm ponds and tankas for rainwater harvesting and protective irrigation.

Solar pumps: PM-KUSUM scheme provides solar pumps for irrigation, reducing diesel dependence and ensuring day-time power.

Rajasthan's soil health programme: soil testing labs at district level; farmers receive soil health cards with nutrient recommendations.

Kisan Samman Nidhi and state top-ups: verify the latest instalment amounts and eligibility from official notifications.

Agriculture credit and insurance: KCC, agri-term loans, and livestock insurance support farmers; interest subvention reduces the effective cost of credit.

Plant growth stages: germination, vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting, and maturity; each stage has specific nutrient and water needs.

Seed viability and vigour: viability is the ability to germinate; vigour is the ability to establish seedlings; both decline with poor storage.

Photosynthesis and respiration balance: net growth occurs when photosynthesis exceeds respiration; temperature and light affect both processes.

Soil pH and plant growth: most crops grow best at pH 6.5-7.5; acid soils need lime and alkaline soils need gypsum or organic matter.

Water quality: irrigation water with high salts reduces yield; test EC and pH before using tube well water.

Basic genetics: dominant and recessive genes; hybrid vigour (heterosis) explains higher yields of hybrid varieties.

Human physiology: balanced diet and clean water prevent disease; vaccination prevents infectious disease; first aid for snakebite is immobilization and hospital transfer.

Scientific units: newton is the unit of force; joule is the unit of energy; watt is the unit of power; pascal is the unit of pressure.

Ecosystem stability: more diverse ecosystems are more stable; keystone species have a large effect on the ecosystem relative to their abundance.

Energy flow: the pyramid of energy is always upright; the pyramid of numbers can be inverted; the pyramid of biomass can be inverted in aquatic ecosystems.

Nutrient cycles: nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium and Azotobacter; nitrification by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter; denitrification by Pseudomonas.

Protected areas in Rajasthan: Ranthambore, Sariska, Mukundra Hills, and Ramgarh Vishdhari tiger reserves; Keoladeo and Desert National Park are important bird areas.

Climate change mitigation: afforestation, renewable energy, and soil carbon sequestration; adaptation includes drought-tolerant crops and water harvesting.

Waste management: segregation at source, composting of organic waste, and recycling; plastic waste harms soil and animals.

Water pollution: industrial effluents and sewage reduce dissolved oxygen; BOD and COD are key indicators of organic pollution.

Environmental education and awareness: eco-clubs in schools, Van Mahotsav tree planting, and wildlife week celebrations promote conservation.

Percentage change: successive changes of +a% and -b% give net change = a - b - ab/100.

Profit and loss with discount: SP = MP x (100 - discount%)/100; profit% is always calculated on cost price.

Simple interest: SI = P x R x T/100; if the amount doubles in T years at simple interest, R = 100/T.

Compound interest: amount A = P(1 + R/100)^T; for half-yearly compounding use R/2 and 2T periods.

Ratio and mixture: in a mixture of milk and water in ratio a:b, adding x litres of water changes the ratio; set up equations and solve.

Time and distance: if a train of length L crosses a platform of length P at speed S, time = (L + P)/S.

Averages: if a person's average increases by x after scoring y in the next test, the number of tests is (y - old average)/x.

Mensuration: perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + b); area of square = side^2; volume of cube = side^3; 1 hectare = 10,000 m2.

Series completion: check differences, squares, cubes, and prime numbers; alternate series may follow separate rules.

Coding-decoding: letter shifting, number coding, and symbol substitution; write the alphabet with positions for quick reference.

Direction and distance: draw a diagram; use Pythagoras for net displacement; left and right depend on the facing direction.

Blood relations: use a family tree; father's sister is aunt; mother's brother is uncle; son's wife is daughter-in-law.

Computer hardware: input devices, output devices, CPU, memory, and storage; a motherboard connects all components.

Operating system functions: process management, memory management, file management, and device management; examples are Windows, Linux, and macOS.

MS Office: Word for documents, Excel for spreadsheets, PowerPoint for presentations; Excel formulas begin with '=' and functions include SUM and AVERAGE.

Internet and email: email address format user@domain; CC and BCC; attachments; beware of phishing and never share passwords.

Rajasthan's agro-climatic zones: 10 zones, including arid western plains, transitional plain of Luni basin, semi-arid eastern plains, flood-prone eastern plain, and subhumid southern plains.

Arid western plains: low rainfall (below 300 mm), sandy soils, bajra, moth, guar, and livestock-based farming; irrigation from IGNP in parts.

Semi-arid eastern plains: wheat, mustard, gram, and bajra; tube well irrigation is common; soil is alluvial and fertile.

Subhumid southern plains: maize, cotton, and horticulture; higher rainfall and black soils support diverse crops.

Flood-prone eastern plain: paddy and sugarcane in canal commands; drainage is important to prevent waterlogging.

Crop planning by zone: choose crops and varieties matching rainfall, soil, and irrigation availability; drought-tolerant varieties in low-rainfall areas.

Farm diversification: dairy, poultry, and horticulture supplement crop income and reduce risk in rainfed areas.

Land preparation: deep ploughing once in 2-3 years breaks hardpan; shallow tillage before sowing conserves moisture.

Seed quality: certified seed has high germination and purity; treat seed before sowing to prevent seed-borne disease.

Sowing depth: small seeds are sown shallow (2-3 cm); large seeds deeper (5-7 cm); deeper sowing delays emergence.

Irrigation scheduling: irrigate at critical growth stages; avoid excess irrigation, which leaches nutrients and causes waterlogging.

Weed control: remove weeds early; weeds compete for water, nutrients, and light and can reduce yield by 20-40%.

Integrated nutrient management: combine organic and inorganic sources; apply the recommended dose based on soil test.

Post-harvest handling: dry grain to safe moisture, clean and grade, and store in clean, dry, pest-free conditions.

Soil profile: O, A, B, C, and R horizons; topsoil is richest in organic matter and nutrients.

Soil texture: sand, silt, and clay proportions determine water holding capacity, drainage, and nutrient retention.

Soil pH: acidic soils (below 6.5) need lime; alkaline soils (above 8.5) need gypsum and organic matter.

Organic matter: improves structure, water holding capacity, and nutrient supply; FYM and compost are major sources.

Essential nutrients: 17 elements; nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are needed in large amounts; zinc and iron are commonly deficient in Rajasthan.

Fertilizer application: apply the recommended dose based on soil test; split nitrogen and place phosphorus near the root zone.

Soil erosion control: contour bunding, terracing, windbreaks, and vegetative cover reduce soil loss.

Nursery management: raised beds, clean seed, and proper watering prevent damping-off; harden seedlings before transplanting.

Transplanting: transplant at the right stage with the root ball intact; water immediately after transplanting to reduce shock.

Vegetable nutrition: nitrogen for leaf growth, phosphorus for roots and flowers, potassium for fruit quality; boron and zinc for fruit set.

Fruit crops: ber, aonla, pomegranate, guava, and date palm suit Rajasthan's arid and semi-arid conditions.

Propagation: grafting, budding, cutting, and layering; choose the method suited to the crop and rootstock.

Post-harvest: grade, pack, and store properly; cool storage and ethylene ripening improve market quality.

Protected cultivation: polyhouse and shade net protect crops from heat, wind, and pests and improve quality.

Insect pests of Rajasthan crops: bajra shoot fly, mustard aphid, wheat termites, cotton pink bollworm, and gram pod borer.

Disease triangle: host, pathogen, and environment; disease occurs when all three coincide; breaking one factor prevents disease.

Seed treatment: fungicidal seed dressing prevents seed-borne and soil-borne disease; biofertilizer is applied after fungicide.

Integrated pest management: cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical methods; chemical control is the last resort.

Pesticide safety: follow label dose, pre-harvest interval, and protective clothing; never spray against the wind.

Resistance management: rotate insecticide and fungicide groups with different modes of action; avoid sub-lethal doses.

Diagnosis: identify pests and diseases by symptoms and signs; send samples to a plant protection laboratory for confirmation.

Rajasthan livestock breeds: Rathi and Tharparkar cattle, Murrah buffalo, Marwari and Chokla sheep, Sirohi goat, and Bikaneri camel.

Rumen digestion: rumen microbes digest fibre into volatile fatty acids; rumen pH 6.0-7.0; sudden grain feeding causes acidosis.

Milk composition: cow milk about 3.5-4% fat; buffalo milk about 6-7% fat; colostrum is rich in antibodies.

Reproduction: oestrus cycle 18-24 days in cattle; gestation 280-285 days in cattle and 305-310 days in buffalo.

Vaccination: FMD biannual; HS and BQ annual; PPR in sheep and goats annual; brucellosis in female calves at 4-8 months.

Balanced ration: roughage and concentrate with minerals and vitamins; mineral mixture improves reproduction and milk yield.

Poultry: incubation 21 days for chicken; broilers reach market weight in 5-6 weeks; layers start laying at 18-20 weeks.

Rajasthan formed on 30 March 1949; capital Jaipur; 33 districts; state animal chinkara, state bird Godawan, state tree khejri, state flower rohida.

Rivers: Chambal is the only perennial river; Luni drains the arid west; Banas originates and ends within Rajasthan.

Aravalli: oldest fold mountain range; highest peak Guru Shikhar (1,722 m) on Mount Abu.

Protected areas: Ranthambore and Sariska tiger reserves; Keoladeo Ghana bird sanctuary (UNESCO site); Desert National Park for the great Indian bustard.

Fairs: Pushkar camel fair, Nagaur cattle fair, Baneshwar fair, and Ramdevra fair.

Minerals: zinc (Zawar), marble (Makrana), and sandstone; Rajasthan is a leading producer of these minerals.

Current affairs: verify the latest state budget, scheme amounts, and administrative changes from official sources before the exam.

IGNP: starts at Harike barrage; irrigates the Thar; supplies drinking water to Jaisalmer and irrigation to Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Churu, and Barmer.

PM-KISAN: Rs 6,000 per year in three instalments; e-KYC and land record linkage are required.

PMFBY: farmer premium 2% Kharif, 1.5% Rabi, 5% commercial/horticultural; claims for notified perils.

KCC: short-term crop loan up to Rs 3 lakh at 7% with 3% prompt repayment incentive, effectively 4%.

Soil Health Card: soil tested every 2 years; card reports 12 parameters and crop-wise fertilizer recommendations.

PMKSY: 'Har Khet Ko Pani' and 'Per Drop More Crop'; micro-irrigation subsidy up to 55% for small and marginal farmers.

Rajasthan schemes: Mukhyamantri Kisan Samman Nidhi, Rajiv Gandhi Krishak Sathi Sahayata Yojana, and e-Mitra for government services.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2; light reaction makes ATP and NADPH; Calvin cycle fixes CO2.

Respiration: aerobic respiration of glucose yields about 36-38 ATP; anaerobic respiration yields ethanol and CO2.

Plant hormones: auxin (elongation, rooting), gibberellin (stem elongation, germination), cytokinin (cell division), abscisic acid (stomatal closure), ethylene (ripening).

Cell: plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole; mitochondria are the powerhouse; the nucleus holds DNA.

Units: 1 hectare = 10,000 m2 = 2.471 acres; 1 quintal = 100 kg; 1 tonne = 10 quintals.

pH: acids below 7, bases above 7; pH is the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration; each unit is a tenfold change.

Human nutrition: vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness; vitamin C scurvy; vitamin D rickets; iron anaemia; iodine goitre.

Ecosystem components: producers, consumers, decomposers, and abiotic factors; energy flows and nutrients cycle.

Food chain: only about 10% of energy passes to the next trophic level; food webs are more stable than single chains.

Biogeochemical cycles: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water; phosphorus has no gaseous phase.

Protected areas in Rajasthan: Ranthambore, Sariska, Keoladeo, Desert National Park, Mukundra Hills, and Tal Chhapar.

Pollution: BOD measures organic pollution; eutrophication is nutrient enrichment; greenhouse gases include CO2, CH4, N2O, and CFCs.

Global warming: CO2 is the largest contributor by volume; methane has about 25 times the warming potential of CO2.

Sustainable agriculture: organic farming, residue mulching, and integrated nutrient and pest management reduce environmental harm.

Percentage: a% of b = (a x b)/100; percentage increase = (new - old)/old x 100.

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP - CP)/CP x 100; SP = CP x (100 + profit%)/100.

Simple interest: SI = P x R x T/100; compound interest: CI = P[(1 + R/100)^T - 1].

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; divide an amount in ratio m:n by parts m/(m+n) and n/(m+n).

Average = sum/n; weighted average uses weights; if every value increases by k, the average increases by k.

Time, speed, distance: distance = speed x time; convert km/h to m/s by multiplying by 5/18.

Area and volume: rectangle area = l x b; circle area = pi r^2; cylinder volume = pi r^2 h; 1 m3 = 1,000 litres.

Number series: check differences, ratios, squares, and cubes; alternate series may follow separate rules.

Coding-decoding: letter positions A=1 to Z=26; reverse position = 27 - position; shift ciphers move letters by a fixed number.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; use + for male and - for female; vertical lines for generations.

Direction sense: draw the path; net displacement uses Pythagoras when turns are at right angles.

Computer basics: CPU is the brain; RAM is volatile; ROM is non-volatile; 1 KB = 1,024 bytes; 1 MB = 1,024 KB.

Input/output: keyboard, mouse, scanner are input; monitor and printer are output; touchscreen is both.

Software: operating system manages hardware and software; application software includes MS Word and Excel; Excel formulas start with '='.

Rajasthan crop calendar: Kharif sowing late June, Rabi October-November, Zaid March-June; timely sowing raises yield.

Bajra is the leading Kharif crop of western Rajasthan; wheat and mustard dominate the irrigated Rabi season.

Cumin, coriander, and isabgol are important spice and medicinal crops of Rajasthan.

Pulses (gram, moong, moth, guar) fix nitrogen and fit well in rotation with cereals.

Crop yield = ears per m2 x grains per ear x test weight for cereals.

Cropping intensity = gross cropped area / net sown area x 100; irrigation and short-duration varieties raise it.

Farm records of inputs, yields, and costs help compute cost of cultivation and net returns.

Tillage: primary tillage breaks hardpan; secondary tillage prepares seedbed; zero tillage conserves moisture.

Seed treatment order: fungicide, then insecticide, then biofertilizer; biofertilizer is never mixed with chemical fungicide.

Irrigation scheduling by IW/CPE ratio: 0.8-1.0 for most crops; 0.6 for moisture-sensitive crops.

Weed control: pre-emergence pendimethalin in wheat; atrazine in maize; 2,4-D post-emergence in wheat at 30-35 DAS.

Fertilizer dose for wheat: 120:60:40 kg N:P2O5:K2O per ha; split nitrogen application.

Water use efficiency = yield / water consumed; mulching and ridge-furrow planting raise it.

Dryland agronomy: contour bunding, compartmental bunding, mulching, and summer ploughing conserve moisture.

Soil texture: sand >0.05 mm, silt 0.05-0.002 mm, clay <0.002 mm; loam is best for most crops.

Rajasthan soils: desert (west), alluvial (east), black (southeast), red and laterite (south).

Soil pH 6.5-7.5 is ideal; acid soils need lime; sodic soils need gypsum.

Organic carbon below 0.5% is low; FYM and green manure raise it.

Essential nutrients: 17 total; Rajasthan soils are deficient in N, Zn, and Fe.

Fertilizer grades: urea 46-0-0, DAP 18-46-0, SSP 0-16-0, MOP 0-0-60.

Soil erosion control: contour bunding, terracing, windbreaks, and check dams.

Vegetable groups: solanaceous, cucurbits, cole crops, root crops, and leafy vegetables.

Nursery: raised beds, clean seed, and hardening before transplanting.

Tomato: transplant at 25-30 days; blossom-end rot indicates calcium deficiency.

Fruit crops of Rajasthan: ber, aonla, pomegranate, guava, and date palm.

Propagation: grafting, budding, cutting, and layering; ber is propagated by T-budding.

Protected cultivation: polyhouse and shade net improve quality and protect from pests.

Post-harvest: precooling, grading, cool storage, and ethylene ripening.

Chewing insects need stomach poisons; sucking insects need systemic or contact insecticides.

ETL: pest density at which control is justified; scouting and ETL-based spraying reduce pesticide use.

Bajra shoot fly causes dead hearts; downy mildew is the key bajra disease.

Wheat yellow rust gives yellow stripes; loose smut is seed-borne and controlled by seed treatment.

Mustard aphid is the main pest; Alternaria blight and white rust are major diseases.

IPM: cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical methods; chemical control is the last resort.

Pesticide safety: follow label dose and pre-harvest interval; rotate modes of action.

Rajasthan breeds: Rathi, Tharparkar, Gir, Kankrej cattle; Murrah buffalo; Marwari, Chokla, Magra, Nali sheep; Sirohi, Marwari, Barbari goats; Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri camels.

Rumen pH 6.0-7.0; sudden grain feeding causes acidosis.

Milk: cow 3.5-4% fat; buffalo 6-7% fat; colostrum is rich in antibodies.

Oestrus cycle 18-24 days; gestation 280-285 days in cattle, 305-310 days in buffalo.

FMD biannual vaccination; HS and BQ annual; PPR annual in sheep and goats.

Balanced ration with mineral mixture improves reproduction and milk yield.

Poultry: incubation 21 days; broilers reach market weight in 5-6 weeks.

Rajasthan formed 30 March 1949; capital Jaipur; 33 districts; state animal chinkara, state bird Godawan, state tree khejri, state flower rohida.

Chambal is the only perennial river; Luni drains the arid west; Banas originates and ends within Rajasthan.

Aravalli is the oldest fold range; Guru Shikhar (1,722 m) is the highest peak.

Keoladeo Ghana is a UNESCO World Heritage Site; Desert National Park protects the great Indian bustard.

Pushkar, Nagaur, Baneshwar, and Ramdevra are major fairs.

Rajasthan leads in zinc (Zawar), marble (Makrana), and sandstone production.

Verify the latest state budget and scheme amounts from official sources before the exam.

IGNP starts at Harike barrage and irrigates the Thar; supplies drinking water to Jaisalmer.

PM-KISAN: Rs 6,000 per year in three instalments; e-KYC required.

PMFBY: farmer premium 2% Kharif, 1.5% Rabi, 5% commercial crops.

KCC: crop loan up to Rs 3 lakh at 7% with 3% prompt repayment incentive.

Soil Health Card: soil tested every 2 years; 12 parameters reported.

PMKSY: micro-irrigation subsidy up to 55% for small and marginal farmers.

Rajasthan schemes: Mukhyamantri Kisan Samman Nidhi, Rajiv Gandhi Krishak Sathi Sahayata Yojana, e-Mitra.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2; Calvin cycle fixes CO2.

Aerobic respiration yields about 36-38 ATP; anaerobic yields ethanol and CO2.

Plant hormones: auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene.

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole; mitochondria are the powerhouse.

1 hectare = 10,000 m2 = 2.471 acres; 1 quintal = 100 kg; 1 tonne = 10 quintals.

pH: acids below 7, bases above 7; each unit is a tenfold change.

Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness; vitamin C scurvy; vitamin D rickets; iron anaemia.

Ecosystem components: producers, consumers, decomposers, and abiotic factors.

10% law: only about 10% of energy passes to the next trophic level.

Biogeochemical cycles: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water; phosphorus has no gaseous phase.

Rajasthan protected areas: Ranthambore, Sariska, Keoladeo, Desert National Park, Mukundra Hills, Tal Chhapar.

BOD measures organic pollution; eutrophication is nutrient enrichment.

CO2 is the largest greenhouse gas by volume; methane has about 25 times the warming potential of CO2.

Sustainable agriculture: organic farming, residue mulching, and integrated nutrient and pest management.

Percentage: a% of b = (a x b)/100; successive changes of +a% and -b% give net change = a - b - ab/100.

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP - CP)/CP x 100; SP = CP x (100 + profit%)/100.

SI = P x R x T/100; CI = P[(1 + R/100)^T - 1]; for 2 years CI - SI = P(R/100)^2.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc.

Average = sum/n; weighted average uses weights.

Distance = speed x time; convert km/h to m/s by multiplying by 5/18.

Area: rectangle l x b; circle pi r^2; cylinder volume pi r^2 h; 1 m3 = 1,000 litres.

Number series: check differences, ratios, squares, and cubes; alternate series may follow separate rules.

Coding-decoding: A=1 to Z=26; reverse position = 27 - position.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; + for male and - for female.

Direction sense: draw the path; net displacement uses Pythagoras for right-angle turns.

CPU is the brain; RAM is volatile; ROM is non-volatile; 1 KB = 1,024 bytes.

Input devices: keyboard, mouse, scanner; output: monitor, printer; touchscreen is both.

Operating system manages hardware and software; Excel formulas start with '='.

Rajasthan is India's largest producer of mustard, bajra, cumin, coriander, and guar.

Kharif: bajra, jowar, maize, cotton, groundnut, moth, moong; Rabi: wheat, barley, gram, mustard, cumin.

Bajra needs 400-600 mm rainfall and 25-35°C; hybrid varieties include HHB-67 Improved.

Wheat needs 12-25°C and 6-7 irrigations; CRI at 20-25 DAS is the most critical stage.

Seed rates: wheat 100 kg/ha, bajra 4-5 kg/ha, mustard 4-5 kg/ha, gram 75-80 kg/ha.

Guar gum is used in oil drilling; Rajasthan produces over 80% of India's guar.

Legume rotation fixes 40-80 kg N/ha and breaks pest cycles.

Tillage depth 15-20 cm; zero tillage conserves moisture and is used in conservation agriculture.

Seed treatment order: fungicide, insecticide, then biofertilizer.

IW/CPE ratio 0.8-1.0 for most crops; 0.6 for moisture-sensitive crops.

Pre-emergence pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha in wheat; atrazine 0.5 kg/ha in maize.

Wheat fertilizer 120:60:40 kg N:P2O5:K2O per ha; split nitrogen.

WUE = yield / water consumed; mulching and ridge-furrow planting raise it.

Green manure (dhaincha, sunhemp) supplies 40-60 kg N/ha; incorporate at 45-50 days.

Sand >0.05 mm, silt 0.05-0.002 mm, clay <0.002 mm; loam is best for most crops.

Rajasthan soils: desert, alluvial, black, red and laterite.

pH 6.5-7.5 is ideal; lime corrects acidity; gypsum corrects sodicity.

Organic carbon above 0.75% is high; below 0.5% is low.

17 essential nutrients; Rajasthan soils are deficient in N, Zn, and Fe.

Urea 46-0-0, DAP 18-46-0, SSP 0-16-0, MOP 0-0-60.

Contour bunding, terracing, windbreaks, and check dams control erosion.

Vegetable groups: solanaceous, cucurbits, cole crops, root crops, leafy vegetables.

Nursery: raised beds, clean seed, hardening for 5-7 days before transplanting.

Tomato: transplant at 25-30 days, spacing 60x45 cm; blossom-end rot indicates calcium deficiency.

Ber is the most important arid fruit of Rajasthan; varieties Gola, Seb, Umran, Mundia.

Propagation: grafting (mango, ber), budding (ber, citrus), cutting (grape, pomegranate), layering (guava).

Polyhouse with 200-micron UV-stabilized film; drip plus fertigation improves efficiency.

Post-harvest: precooling, grading, cool storage; ethylene ripens banana and mango.

Chewing insects need stomach poisons; sucking insects need systemic or contact insecticides.

ETL-based spraying reduces unnecessary pesticide use.

Bajra shoot fly causes dead hearts; downy mildew is the key bajra disease.

Wheat yellow rust gives yellow stripes; loose smut is seed-borne and controlled by carboxin or tebuconazole seed treatment.

Mustard aphid is the main pest; Alternaria blight and white rust are major diseases.

IPM: cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical methods; chemical control is the last resort.

Follow label dose and pre-harvest interval; rotate modes of action.

Rajasthan breeds: Rathi, Tharparkar, Gir, Kankrej cattle; Murrah buffalo; Marwari, Chokla, Magra, Nali sheep; Sirohi, Marwari, Barbari goats; Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri camels.

Rumen pH 6.0-7.0; sudden grain feeding causes acidosis.

Cow milk 3.5-4% fat; buffalo milk 6-7% fat; colostrum is rich in antibodies.

Oestrus cycle 18-24 days; gestation 280-285 days in cattle, 305-310 days in buffalo.

FMD biannual vaccination; HS and BQ annual; PPR annual in sheep and goats.

Mineral mixture at 50-100 g/day improves reproduction and milk yield.

Poultry: incubation 21 days; broilers reach market weight in 5-6 weeks.

Rajasthan formed 30 March 1949; capital Jaipur; 33 districts; state animal chinkara, state bird Godawan, state tree khejri, state flower rohida.

Chambal is the only perennial river; Luni drains the arid west; Banas originates and ends within Rajasthan.

Aravalli is the oldest fold range; Guru Shikhar (1,722 m) is the highest peak.

Keoladeo Ghana is a UNESCO World Heritage Site; Desert National Park protects the great Indian bustard.

Pushkar, Nagaur, Baneshwar, and Ramdevra are major fairs.

Rajasthan leads in zinc (Zawar), marble (Makrana), and sandstone production.

Verify the latest state budget and scheme amounts from official sources before the exam.

IGNP starts at Harike barrage and irrigates the Thar; supplies drinking water to Jaisalmer.

PM-KISAN: Rs 6,000 per year in three instalments; e-KYC required.

PMFBY: farmer premium 2% Kharif, 1.5% Rabi, 5% commercial crops.

KCC: crop loan up to Rs 3 lakh at 7% with 3% prompt repayment incentive.

Soil Health Card: soil tested every 2 years; 12 parameters reported.

PMKSY: micro-irrigation subsidy up to 55% for small and marginal farmers.

Rajasthan schemes: Mukhyamantri Kisan Samman Nidhi, Rajiv Gandhi Krishak Sathi Sahayata Yojana, e-Mitra.