RVUNL JE key terms

The maximum electric field an insulating material can withstand without breaking down and conducting. It is expressed in kV per millimetre and decides insulation thickness in cables, transformers and switchgear.

The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near the outer surface of a conductor as frequency rises, which raises effective resistance. It explains why high-frequency and transmission conductors use stranded or hollow shapes.

The ratio of real power to apparent power in an AC circuit, equal to the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current. A low value increases current and losses for the same useful output.

The difference between synchronous speed and actual rotor speed of an induction motor, usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed. Slip increases with load and is zero at no load.

A feedback device on engines and turbines that senses speed and adjusts fuel or steam supply to hold speed nearly constant as load changes. It maintains frequency in generator prime movers.

The ratio of a material's failure strength to the working stress allowed in design. It covers uncertainties in loading, material quality and analysis, and is chosen larger where consequences of failure are severe.

The maximum pressure a soil or rock mass can carry at the base of a foundation without shear failure or excessive settlement. It governs footing size and type in civil design.

The mass of water divided by the mass of cement in a concrete mix. Lowering it raises strength and durability but reduces workability, so admixtures or better compaction are used instead of extra water.

Comparing an instrument's reading against a known reference and adjusting it so future readings are accurate within stated limits. It is done periodically because sensors drift with age and temperature.

A device that converts one form of energy into another, such as a thermocouple turning temperature into a small voltage. Sensors in instrumentation are transducers feeding signal-conditioning circuits.

In relational databases, organising tables so that each fact is stored once, removing redundancy and update anomalies. Third normal form removes transitive dependencies of non-key attributes on the key.

A small, fast memory placed between the processor and main memory that holds recently used data. Hits in cache avoid slow main-memory access, so hit ratio strongly affects execution speed.

The range of frequencies a channel can carry, or loosely the maximum data rate of a link. Wider bandwidth supports higher data rates, but noise and modulation scheme also set the achievable rate.

Any linear two-terminal network of sources and resistances can be replaced, as seen from those terminals, by one voltage source in series with one resistance. It simplifies load-current calculations in circuits.

The condition in an AC circuit containing inductance and capacitance where their reactances cancel, making impedance purely resistive and current maximum at one frequency. It underlies tuning and filter design.

A plot of stress against strain for a material under load, showing elastic limit, yield point, ultimate strength and fracture. Its slope in the elastic region gives Young's modulus.

The negative ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain when a material is stretched. Typical metals lie near 0.3; the value approaches 0.5 for rubber-like materials.

Along a streamline in steady, incompressible, frictionless flow, pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit volume sum to a constant. It explains lift and venturi flow measurement.

A dimensionless ratio of inertial to viscous forces in fluid flow. Low values indicate laminar flow and high values turbulent flow, with transition in pipes near a value of about 2000 to 4000.

The constitutional provision covering administration of certain tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram through Autonomous District Councils. It does not apply to Rajasthan, a point often tested.

The provision allowing President's Rule in a state when constitutional machinery fails, on a report from the Governor. Parliament must approve it within two months, and it lasts at most three years.

A bill dealing only with taxation, borrowing or Consolidated Fund matters, certified as such by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha may only recommend changes within 14 days.

The 1992 amendment that gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions, mandating three-tier structures, five-year terms, reservations and a State Election Commission and Finance Commission.

Terms for Rajasthan's canal-irrigated and dry-farming lands respectively in the Rajasthan Tenancy Act context; Khadar is fertile land receiving canal water, Bangar is unirrigated upland. They matter in revenue administration questions.

An ancient fold mountain range running roughly south-west to north-east across Rajasthan, separating the arid west from the wetter east. It is among the oldest ranges on Earth and checks desert spread.

A long canal starting at Harike barrage in Punjab that carries water into western Rajasthan, enabling irrigation in districts such as Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bikaner and Jaisalmer. It is among the longest canals in India.

The two main Indian cropping seasons; Kharif crops are sown with the monsoon and harvested in autumn, while Rabi crops are sown in winter and harvested in spring. Rajasthan grows both, with bajra dominant in Kharif.

A traditional Rajasthani folk dance performed by women in swirling ghagras, especially associated with the Bhil community and royal courts of Mewar. It is performed at weddings and festivals.

An Indus Valley Civilisation site on the Ghaggar in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan, known for its ploughed field and fire altars. It shows early Harappan settlement in the state.

The movement of solvent, usually water, across a semipermeable membrane from lower to higher solute concentration. It drives water uptake by plant roots and is the basis of reverse-osmosis purification.

A logarithmic scale from 0 to 14 expressing hydrogen-ion concentration, where 7 is neutral, below 7 acidic and above 7 basic. Each unit step means a tenfold change in hydrogen-ion concentration.

For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force on a different body. It explains rocket thrust, recoil of guns and why walking pushes the ground backward.

Interest calculated on the principal plus previously accumulated interest, so the amount grows geometrically. For rate r and n years, amount equals principal times one plus r raised to n.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal. Unitary-method and partnership problems in aptitude tests rest on these ideas.

The sum of a set of values divided by their count, also called arithmetic mean. It is used to compare groups and to solve problems involving replacement or addition of items.

A form of deductive reasoning with two premises and a conclusion, tested by checking whether the conclusion must follow. Venn diagrams help decide valid conclusions from statements of the all/some/no type.

Reasoning puzzles that describe family links in coded or indirect wording and ask how two people are related. Drawing a family tree with standard symbols avoids confusion in these questions.

A reasoning task where a sequence of numbers, letters or figures follows a hidden rule and the next term must be found. Differences, ratios and alternating patterns are common rules.

The joining of two adjacent sounds in Hindi or Sanskrit where the ending of one word merges with the beginning of the next, producing a combined form. Recognising sandhi helps in word separation questions.

A compound word in Hindi and Sanskrit formed by combining two or more words, whose meaning depends on the relation between the parts. Questions ask candidates to split a compound into its components.

A Hindi idiom whose figurative meaning differs from the literal sense of its words. Idiom questions ask for the correct meaning or for a sentence where the idiom is used appropriately.

Two ways of presenting the same action, where the subject performs the verb in active voice and receives it in passive voice. English grammar questions ask for correct transformation between the two.