SET BBA cheat sheet

Subject-verb agreement: a verb agrees with its subject in number and person; intervening phrases do not change the verb.

Use 'fewer' with plural countable nouns and 'less' with uncountable or mass nouns.

In passive voice, the object becomes the subject; the verb uses a form of 'be' plus the past participle, and the doer may follow 'by'.

A semicolon joins two independent clauses; a colon introduces a list, explanation, or quotation.

Conditionals: type 1 uses if + present, will + base; type 2 uses if + past, would + base; type 3 uses if + past perfect, would have + past participle.

A valid inference must follow from evidence in the passage without adding outside assumptions or personal opinion.

In para jumbles, the opening sentence usually introduces the topic broadly and lacks pronouns that refer backward.

A contextual synonym matches the word's meaning in the given sentence, not merely a common dictionary meaning.

Percentage change = ((new value - old value) / old value) x 100; use the original value as the denominator.

Successive percentage changes of a% and b% combine as a + b + ab/100, with signs showing increases or decreases.

Profit% = ((selling price - cost price) / cost price) x 100; discount% is calculated on the marked price.

Simple interest = principal x rate x time / 100; compound interest = principal[(1 + rate/100)^time - 1].

Average = sum of values / number of values; weighted average = sum of (value x weight) / sum of weights.

Speed = distance / time; relative speed is the sum for opposite directions and the difference for the same direction.

If one worker takes a days and another takes b days, their combined rate is 1/a + 1/b, so together they take ab/(a+b) days.

Permutations: nPr = n!/(n-r)!; combinations: nCr = n!/[r!(n-r)!]; probability = favorable outcomes / total outcomes.

Geometry: area of a circle = pi r^2; area of a triangle = 1/2 x base x height; Pythagoras: hypotenuse^2 = base^2 + height^2.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III of the Indian Constitution and are enforceable through writs, mainly Article 32 and Article 226.

Directive Principles of State Policy are in Part IV of the Indian Constitution, guide government policy, and are not directly enforceable by courts.

The President of India is the supreme commander of the armed forces; the Prime Minister leads the Council of Ministers.

Parliament consists of the President, the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha; money bills originate only in the Lok Sabha.

The Reserve Bank of India conducts monetary policy using tools such as the repo rate, reverse repo rate, CRR, and SLR.

GDP measures output within a country's borders; GNP adds net factor income from abroad to GDP.

The United Nations is headquartered in New York; the WHO is in Geneva; the IMF is in Washington DC; the WTO is in Geneva.

The Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian award; NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015.

Syllogism: all A are B plus all B are C implies all A are C; 'some A are C' needs existence guaranteed by the premises.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with separate symbols for male, female, marriage, siblings, and generations; do not assume unstated genders.

Direction sense: track horizontal and vertical displacement separately; shortest distance = square root of the sum of squared net displacements.

Circular seating: a person facing the center has left toward clockwise; a person facing outward has left toward anticlockwise.

Number series: check constant differences, then ratios, then squares or cubes, then alternating or combined patterns.

Coding-decoding: compare coded letters with originals to find a fixed shift; repeated words help confirm the mapping.

Necessary assumption: a condition without which the conclusion cannot follow; negating it should make the argument fail.

Either-or conclusion: valid when two possibilities together cover all cases and neither can be concluded separately from the premises.